GRE ISSUE 类作文题库——嘉文博译英汉双语版

GRE ISSUE 类作文题库
嘉文博译英汉双语版
The Pool of Issue Topics

When you take the analytical writing section of the GRE General Test, you will be presented with two Issue topics from this pool. Because the wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here, you should read your test topics carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test. Present your perspective on the Issue below, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views.

Issue 1
“We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.”
“一般而言，从那些我们能认同其观点的人那里，我们所能学到的东西远多于那些观点与我们相悖的人；意见分歧会导致压抑并阻碍我们的学习。”
Issue 2
“Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society.”
“最终而言，竞争将对社会利大于弊。”
Issue 3
“It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.”
“将经费用来解决直接的、现存的社会问题，要比将它花费在那些可能造福人类下一代的长远研究上来得更为重要。”
Issue 4
“No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.”
“除非有局外人将其知识和经验带入某一特定研究领域，否则，任何研究领域均无法获得重大进展。”
Issue 5
“A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.”
“一个国家应该要求它的所有学生学习相同的全国性课程，直到他们进入大学，而不应该允许全国不同地区的学校来自行决定向学生提供何种课程。”
Issue6
“The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.”
“理解当代文化最有效的方法是去分析其年轻一代人身上的各种趋势。”
Issue 7
“The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.”
“录像机能提供如此精确和令人信服的有关当代生活的记录，以致于它与书面记载相比已成为一种更为重要的记载方式。”
Issue 8
“It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.”
“对于政治领袖们来说，向公众隐藏某些信息常常是必要的，甚至是可取的。”
Issue 9
“Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.”
“在最近几年中，学术性学科已变得如此专业化，以致于学者们的思想只能抵达一群非常狭窄的受众。除非学者们的思想能抵达一群更为广泛的受众，否则，他们的思想将几乎毫无用处。”
Issue 10
“Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.”
“政府必须确保大城市能获得它们所需的财政支持以便保持繁荣，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在都市里才能得到保护并得以产生。”
Issue 11
“All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems.”
“所有国家应该伸出援助之手，来推动建立一所世界大学，从而使学生置身于解决世界上最积重难返的社会问题这一进程。”
Issue 12
“People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic.”
“人们的态度在较大程度上是由他们的直接情形或环境所决定的，而不是由任何内在的特点所决定的。”
Issue 13
“Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.”
“世界上许多不那么著名的语言正在不断消亡，因为说这些语言的人数量越来越少。说这些语言的国家，其政府应该行动起来，阻止这些语言趋于灭绝。”
Issue 14
“It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature.”
“所有人都有必要去阅读诗歌、小说、神话和其他类型的想像性文学。”
Issue 15
“The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior.”
“一个社会的稳定取决于它如何来应对极端的人类行为。”
Issue 16
“Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.”
“尽管许多人认为当代生活的奢侈与便利全然无害，但它们实际上使人们无法成为真正强有力且独立的个体。”
Issue 17
“There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.”
“有两种法律，公正的与不公正的。置身于社会中的每个个人都有责任去遵守公正的法律，甚至更重要的是，去拒不服从并抵制不公正的法律。”
Issue 18
“Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.”
“只有当人们被迫针对他人的怀疑和对立观点为自己的观点进行辩护时，他们才会真正发现该观点的价值。”
Issue 19
“If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens.”
“一个社会若想繁荣昌盛，它就必须将其自身的整体成功置于个体公民的福祉之前。”
Issue 20
“National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults.”
“各国政府应将其社会计划和服务更多地致力于孩子而非成人。”
Issue 21
“Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world.”
“改革不应由那些关注其名声和社会地位的人来进行。那些真正很认真想改革政府、教育制度或任何体制的人们应该愿意被社会的所有其他成员以鄙视的态度来看待。”
Issue 22
“Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals.”
“许多人相信，小数几个个人或小团体（例如家庭、友人、老师或名人）导致他们以现在的这种方式进行思考和行动。但总是整个社会，而不是少数几个个人在制约着我们及我们的态度。”
Issue 23
“Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger Issues and overall perspectives.”
“现当代技术使我们能获取许多条事实性的小信息。这样一来，人们变得如此专注于一条条支离破碎的信息，以致于他们很少将注意力集中在较大的问题和全局性视野上。”
Issue 24
“People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power.”
“处于权力位置上的人只有在行使其权力时做到慎重而有节制，才能最为有效地行事。”
Issue 25
“Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible.”
“任何人都能将事情做得更大、更为复杂。真正需要努力和勇气去做的是采取相反方向的行动——换言之，使事情变得尽可能的简单。”
Issue 26
“Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served.”
“大多数人都会同意，建筑物代表着任何一个社会有价值的历史记录；但当旧建筑物矗立在那些被当代规划者觉得能更好地满足当代目的的地面上时，争论便由此而生。在这样的情形中，现代发现与保护古迹之间，前者应得到优先考虑，以便使当代的需求能得以满足。”
Issue 27
“No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.”
“遵循常规做法和常规思维模式，世界上几乎不可能有人取得成功。”
Issue 28
“Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.”
“只有当学生研习过了那些有助于解释某些事实的思想、潮流和概念之后才应该去铭记这些事实。只铭记事实的学生可谓知之甚少。”
Issue 29
“Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy.”
“公共人物，如演员、政治家和体育运动员应该能料到人们会对其私生活甚感兴趣。当他们追求一种公共角色时，他们应能预料到他们将至少丧失一部分隐私。”
Issue 30
“The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time.”
“技术进步的主要目标是提高人们的效率，这样，每个人都能享受更多的闲暇时光。”
Issue 31
“Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial.”
“即使在某项研究结果有争议的情况下，花费在该项研究上的经费几乎总是不失为一项有益的投资。”
Issue 32
“A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.”
“任何一所学校或学院应该向所有学科的教员支付同等的薪酬，无论学校之外的社会上相关领域中的薪酬差异有多大。例如，刚开始执教的艺术类和数学类教员应获得相同的工资，尽管在学校之外，数学专家平均要比艺术专家工资远来得高。”
Issue 33
“Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image.”
“在当代社会中，创造一种有吸引力的形象已变得比该形象背后的现实或真相来得更为重要。”
Issue 34
“Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines—that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences—colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society.”
“学院和大学不应该要求学生学习诸多学科中的各种课程，包括艺术与人文学科到物理与生物科学的课程。相反，应允许学生仅仅去学习那些能帮助他们为其所选择的领域中的工作做好准备的课程。在当今越来越面向工作的社会中，这样一种专业侧重是必要的。”
Issue 35
“No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them.”
“不管情况如何，放弃自己的信仰要比坚持这些信仰来得更为有害。”
Issue 36
“The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.”
“某些个人是否伟大，只能由那些生活在他们之后的人来决定，而无法由其同代人来决定。”
Issue 37
“In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect.”
“在大多数社会中，竞争一般弊大于利。”
Issue 38
“In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books.”
“在电视时代，阅读书籍不再像过去那么重要了。人们通过看电视，可以学到与看书同样多的东西。”
Issue 39
“The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree.”
“上大学或学院所能带来的智力裨益被过分夸大。大多数人自己通过四年的学习和阅读就可以比获得大学或学院的学位学到更多的东西。”
Issue 40
“Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.”
“学者与研究人员不应该关注他们的研究是否能为整个社会作出贡献。更重要的是，他们应该去追求他们的兴趣，无论这些兴趣有可能会显得多么的异常或独特。”
Issue 41
“Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.”
“诸如占星术、算命、以及通灵和超科学追求等非主流探究领域在社会中起着举足轻重的作用，因为它们满足了主流科学所不曾涉及的人类需要。”
Issue 42
“Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups.”
“由于学习不是一项孤立的活动，而是一项需要人们彼此间相互合作的活动，因此，每个年龄段的学生如果经常以群体的形式进行学习，他们在学业上就会获益匪浅。”
Issue 43
“To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.”
“要成为一个卓有成效的领导者，每一位公共官员必须维持至高的伦理与道德水准。”
Issue 44
“Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear.”
“任何科学研究，如果其后果——不管是医学上的还是伦理上的——不明晰，政府就不应该予以资助。”
Issue 45
“Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible.”
“任何人都能将事情做得更大、更为复杂。真正需要努力和勇气去做的是采取相反方向的行动——换言之，使事情变得尽可能的简单。”
Issue 46
“While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation.”
“虽然政府、体育、工业及其他领域的领袖将其成功归诸于一种成熟的竞争意识，但社会通过向青年一代灌输某种合作意识可能会使年轻人更好地作好进入社会的准备。”
Issue 47
“Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills.”
“社会对人类理智——即逻辑推理及其他认知技能——没能给予足够的重视。”
Issue 48
“The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.”
“史学研究过分注重个人。历史上最重大的事件和趋势并不是由少数杰出人物造就的，而是由那些其身份早就湮没无闻的人类群体所创造的。”
Issue 49
“Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance.”
“诸如小说、戏剧、电影、童话、传奇故事等虚构性作品，较之于事实性的作品能表现出更为精确的和更有意义的有关人类经验的图画。由于小说的创作者聚焦于现实并塑造现实，而不是如实地报道现实，故他们的创造具有一种更为持久的意义。”
Issue 50
“In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.”
“为了提高学院和大学一级的教学质量，所有教职人员都应该花一定时间从事学术界之外与他们所教课程相关的职业。”
Issue 51
“Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.”
“只有当教育被专门设计去满足每个学生的个体需要和兴趣时，教育才算真正有效。”
Issue 52
“Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony.”
“教育鼓励学生去质疑和批评，因此对促进社会和谐无济于事。”
Issue 53
“College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government.”
“学院和大学教育应该对所有学生实行免费，完全由政府承担财政支出。”
Issue 54
“History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.”
“历史能教会我们一件事情，那就是，了解过去无助于人们在今天作出重要的决定。”
Issue 55 "Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.”
“竞争高分会严重限制所有教育层面上的学习质量。”
Issue 56
“Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.”
“政府应该集中注意力来解决今天的直接问题，而不应该试图去解决未来的预期问题。”
Issue 57
“The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.”
“从书本中获得的知识，其深度要比从直接经验中所能学到的东西远来得丰富和广阔。”
Issue 58
“The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.”
“当今时代越来越快的生活节奏所引发的问题远多于它所能解决的问题。”
Issue 59
“Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them.”
“人们对角色榜样给予了过多的强调。人们不应该模仿他人，而应该学习独立思考和行事，并因此去作出对他们最有利的选择。”
Issue 60
“The media—and society in general—mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group.”
“媒体——以及整个社会——错误地期望个人能代表某个特定群体来表达意见，不管那人是否真正能代表整个群体的意见。”
Issue 61
“High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition.”
“像诺贝尔奖这类高调的奖项实际上对社会有害无益，因为它们暗示只有寥寥无几的人无愧于这样的承认。”
Issue 62
“The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient.”
“人们应该将自我完善作为其生活的一个主要目标，这种广为流传的观念是有问题的，因为它假定人类在本质上是有缺陷的。”
Issue 63
“To truly understand your own culture—no matter how you define it—requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own.”
“要想真正理解你自己的文化——不管你对文化作何种定义——就需要拥有对至少一种其他文化的个人知识，一种与你自己的文化迥然不同的文化。”
Issue 64
“Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it.”
“许多人都知道如何去获得成功，但很少有人知道如何去最好地利用这种成功。”
Issue 65 "People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups.”
“人们如此地被社会鼓励去将注意力集中在表面差异上，以致于他们无法看清楚不同的思想、个人和群体之间有意义的共同点。”
Issue 66
“As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.”
“由于人们越来越依赖技术来解决问题，因此，人类为自己考虑的能力肯定会每况愈下。”
Issue 67
“Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education.”
“大学应该要求学生投身于公益活动，以便确保每个学生能获得一种平衡的、全面发展的教育。”
Issue 68
“People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be.”
“人们犯有这样一个错误，总是用怀疑和不信任来对待专家，无论他们的贡献有多大的价值。”
Issue 69
“Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development”
“对于科学研究与开发，政府即使要施加任何限制的话，也应该几乎不予限制。”
Issue 70
“In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.”
“在任何行业，无论是商业，政治，教育，还是政府，掌权者应在5年任期后自行下台。对于任何体制而言，通向成功的最可靠的道路是通过新的领导层而为该体制注入新的活力。”
Issue 71
“Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others.”
“独自一人消磨时光可使一个人成为其他人的更好伴侣。”
Issue 72
“One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities.”
“通过研究某个社会的主要城市，人们就能最有效地理解这个社会最重要的特征。”
Issue 73
“In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.”
“在大多数行业和学术领域中，想象力要比知识来得更为重要。”
Issue 74
“The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.”
“将某种理念或价值观传递给大众的最有效途径是通过使用形象，而不是语言。”
Issue 75 "The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others.”
“对社会作出重大贡献的人一般不是那些能形成自己新思想的人，而是那些最擅长于察觉并协调其他人的才能和技能的人。”
Issue 76
“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society.”
“真正深刻的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家总是与他们所处的时代和社会格格不入。”
Issue 77
“People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered, separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole.”
“当今的人们过于个人主义。人们不应该追求自我为中心和独立于他人的目标，而应该懂得，满足感源自为家庭、社区或整个社会的更大利益而工作。”
Issue 78
“Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict.”
“学校应该教育学生认识到所有的人类在本质上都是互为关联的，从而有助于消除战争、文化冲突，以及其他形式的矛盾。”
Issue 79 Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.”
“重大的政策决定永远应该留给政治家和其他政府专家去完成，这些人更为见多识广，因此拥有比平民大众更好的判断力和视野。"“
Issue 80
“All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science.”
“所有的学生都应学习科学课程，尽管他们有可能对科学兴趣索然。”
Issue 81
“Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress.”
“对一个国家的历史出于爱国心理的崇尚往往更多地起着阻碍而不是促进进步的作用。”
Issue 82
“Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit.”
“政府永远也不应该去审查博物馆所希望展出的任何艺术作品或历史展品”
Issue 83
“Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people.”
“政府应该保护公有荒地，维持其自然状态，即使这些地区经常极为遥远，人迹罕至。”
Issue 84
“In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.”
“在任何努力领域中，如果不首先受到那一领域中过去成就的强烈影响，就不可能作出重大的贡献。”
Issue 85 "Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.”
“政府对艺术的资助会危及艺术的独立性和完整性。”
Issue 86
“Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.”
“我们应该鼓励年轻人去追寻长远的和现实的目标，而不是去追求直接的名声和认可。”
Issue 87
“In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries.”
“在任何研究领域中，新手比专家更有可能作出重大的发现。”
Issue 88
“Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.”
“技术不仅仅会影响而且也会在实际上决定社会习俗和伦理道德。”
Issue 89
“Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them.”
“领袖人物主要是由置于他们身上的那些要求所造就的。”
Issue 90
“College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market.”
“大学生应被鼓励去寻求那些令他们感兴趣的学科，而不应该去追求那些可望帮助他们进入职业市场的课程。”
Issue 91
“Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values.”
“大多数人认为，他们内心深处珍藏的价值观是理性选择的结果，但理性经常与人们形成价值观的方式鲜有关系。”
Issue 92
“In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information.”
“在任何学术或专业领域，认识到我们的知识和理解存在种种局限，这与获取新事实和新信息具有同等的重要性。”
Issue 93
“The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.”
“个人责任这一概念不可避免地纯属虚构。虽然社会必须使个人对其行为负责，但人们的行为在很大程度上并非是由他们自己所能驾御的力量所决定的。”
Issue 94
“Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.”
“大学应该要求每个学生去学习该生专业领域之外的多种课程，因为获得不同学科的知识是真正获得教育的最佳途径。”
Issue 95 "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.”
“人们以团队的形式工作时，要比单独一个人工作来得更富有成效。团队精神需要合作，这要比个人竞争更能激励人们。”
Issue 96
“Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence of any objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsibility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged.”
“尽管论述艺术的评论家们倾向于否认存在着任何客观的标准用来评估艺术作品，但他们有责任来建立起某些标准，藉以衡量艺术作品。”
Issue 97
“It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives.”
“有一件事情虽属不幸但却确凿无疑，那就是，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的所有方面。”
Issue 98
“Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past.”
“学院和大学应该开设更多的通俗音乐、电影、广告和电视方面的课程，因为当代文化要比过去的文学艺术对学生更加密切相关。”
Issue 99
“In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options.”
“在任何生活领域中，无论是学术的，社会的，商业的，还是政治的，成功的唯一途径是采取一种务实的而非理想主义的观点。务实的行为可确保生存，相反，理想主义的观点往往会被更为简单的和更为直接的选择所取代。”
Issue 100 The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development.”
“在学校里获取高分的压力严重限制了学习质量。没有分数的教育环境将促进更为真实的智力发展。"”
Issue 101
“Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish and be available to all people.”
“政府应该为艺术家提供资助，这样艺术就能繁荣，并能为所有人所享受。”
Issue 102
“For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past.”
“无论是好是坏，教育是一个涉及到不断修正人们在过去所拥有的观念、信仰和价值观的过程。”
Issue 103
“The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.”
“史学研究只有与我们的日常生活密切相关才具有价值。”
Issue 104
“It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears.”
“一种文化，主要是通过正规教育，试图让它所赞赏的思想世代相传，并否定它所惧怕的思想。”
Issue 105 "The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens.”
“一个国家真正的力量体现于政府甘愿去容忍来自它自己公民的挑战。”
Issue 106
“All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics, even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects.”
“所有学生都应该去上至少一门伦理课程，即使上这门课意味着减少对学术性课程的某种强调。”
Issue 107
“Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view.”
“即时通信系统鼓励人们去形成仓促的观点并给出迅速的回答，而不是让人们花充分的时间去形成深思熟虑、仔细推敲的观点。”
Issue 108
“In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the Issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings—trials, debates, meetings, etc—that are televised, the more society will benefit.”
“在许多国家，人们现在只要打开电视，便可以看到政府是如何运作的。观看到这样一些程序能够帮助人们理解那些影响到其生活的问题。电视转播政府程序----审判，辩论，会议等不一而足----的种类越多，则社会将获益更多。”
Issue 109
“Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them.”
“人们对角色榜样给予了过多的强调。人们不应该模仿他人，而应该学习独立思考和行事，并因此去作出对他们最有利的选择。”
Issue 110
“When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.”
“当我们关注历史研究时，我们便成为故事讲述者。由于我们永远也不可能直接知道过去，而只能通过对证据的解释来构建历史，因此，探究历史更多地成为一项创造性的事业，而不是一种客观的求索。所有历史学家都是故事讲述者。”
Issue 111
“The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures.”
“全世界范围内电视节目和广告的传播正在严重削弱不同文化之间的差异。”
Issue 112
“Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions.”
“有些教育强调发展学生的推理和逻辑思维能力，但一种也能教学生去探索其自我情感的教育，可使学生们获益更多。”
Issue 113
“It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.”
“我们主要通过与社会群体的认同而来界定我们自身。”
Issue 114
“Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity.”
“在过去约一个世纪的时间中，人类几乎没有实现真正的进步。技术创新确实发生了，但人类的总体状况毫无改观。战争，暴力，以及贫穷仍然伴随着我们。技术无法改善人类的生存状况。”
Issue 115 "It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated.”
“只有通过应用逻辑推理和精确、慎重的测量我们才意识到我们的进步。没有这些工具，我们就没有任何参照点来衡量我们在多大程度上是进步了或是倒退了。”
Issue 116
“With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences.”
“随着经济和通信等领域中全球性网络的发展，毫无疑问，社会的方方面面，包括教育、政治、艺术和科学，将能从各种国际影响中获益匪浅。”
Issue 117
“The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.”
“从书本中获得的知识，其深度较之于从直接经验中所学到的东西会更为丰富和广泛”
Issue 118
“In any field of endeavor—the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.—it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal.”
“在任何努力领域中，无论是科学，人文科学，社会科学，工业，还是其他领域，实现目标并不重要。重要的是在追求实现目标的道路上所遇到的思想和发现。”
Issue 119
“When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?”
“当我们为科学、教育或任何其他领域确定研究优先权时，需要考虑的一个最重要的问题是：如果研究结果获得成功，会有多少人的生活将由此得以改善？。”
Issue 120
“So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present.”
“当今世界，一切的一切是如此的新奇与复杂，以致于借助回顾过去来理解历史已经几乎无法指导人们如何生活在当今时代。”
Issue 121
“At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.”
“在过去地质进程的不同阶段，许多物种由于自然进程而非人类进程的原因而灭绝。因此，人类社会没有任何正当的理由去作巨大的努力，尤其是在资金和劳动力方面作巨大的投入，去拯救某一濒危物种。”
Issue 122
“We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed.”
“我们应该将我们几乎全部的知识都归诸于那些持不同观点的人，而不是那些持相同观点的人。”
Issue 123
“It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people—their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat—reflects their political beliefs.”
“在碰到一个人之后的很短时间内就可以认别出这个人的政治思想。人们周围的所有事情——他们穿戴的服饰，他们结交的朋友，他们谈话的方式，以及他们的饮食——都会折射出他们的信仰。”
Issue 124
“Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before.”
“快餐、即时通信，更迅捷的运输，所有这些最近的发展都旨在节省时间。但具有讽刺意味的是，这些发展非但没有使人们享受到更多的闲暇，反而促使人类事务的节奏比以往任何时候都更为匆忙，更为紧张纷乱。”
Issue 125 "The past is no predictor of the future.”
“历史无法预示未来。”
Issue 126
“Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself.”
“社会的外在报酬决不能衡量出真正的成功。真正意义上的成功只能依据人们为自己设定的目标而得到衡量。”
Issue 127
“Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.”
“事实都是一些极为顽强的事物。它们不能因为我们的主观愿望，我们的倾向或我们的激情而改变。”
Issue 128
“It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.”
“我们常说，教育的目的是为了解放我们的心灵和精神。但实际上，正规教育往往会制约我们的心灵和精神，而不是让它们获得自由。”
Issue 129
“Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life.”
“技术在现代生活中是一种必要的但并不总是具有积极意义的力量。”
Issue 130
“How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.”
“孩子们今天相互交往的方式决定着社会的命运。不幸的是，我们还没有懂得如何去培养那些能创造一个更加美好的社会的孩子。”
Issue 131
“The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.”
“艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等）可揭示出一个社会中那些原来深藏着的观念和冲动。”
Issue 132
“The university community consists of three different worlds—the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences.”
“一所综合性大学由三个全然不同的领域构成——自然科学，人文科学以及社会科学。由于每个领域按其自身的假设进行运作，拥有其自己特殊的思维习惯，因此在自然科学，人文科学和社会科学之间很少存在有意义的互动。”
Issue 133
“The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We live in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time.”
“现代社会的问题导致许多人抱怨说，‘我们正生活在一个极其糟糕的时代。’但是，如果有选择余地的话，当今社会中没有人会愿意生活在其他任何时代。”
Issue 134
“Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs.”
“我们应该鼓励学生去认识到，其心智之敏捷与修辞之技巧必须辅以其情感之诚挚与信仰之笃深。”
Issue 135 "While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems.”
“尽管我们所面临的大多数环境问题缘自技术的应用，但社会必须依靠技术来寻找到这些问题的解决之道。”
Issue 136
“The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare.”
“没有选择余地是一个极其极其罕见的情状。”
Issue 137
“What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another.”
“我们所谓的进步实乃是用一个问题来换取另一个问题。”
Issue 138
“Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress.”
“唯有通过犯错误，才会有发现与进步。。”
Issue 139
“Every new generation needs to redefine 'right' and 'wrong' in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time.”
“人类的每一代都必须用它那个时代的语汇并按照它那个时代的条件来重新界定‘是’与‘非’”
Issue 140
“What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent.”
“那些被社会视作最伟大的社会、政治和个人成就的东西经常造成了最大程度上的不满。”
Issue 141
“Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.”
“大多数人都能认识到个性的有利之处。但事实是，个人的经济成功所要求的则是与他人保持一致。”
Issue 142
“The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.”
“当社会中的许多民众敢于对当权者提出质询时，整个社会的福祉便能得以改善。”
Issue 143
“Artists should pay little attention to their critics.* Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity." *those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. “艺术家应该对批评家们置之不理。批评家们的批评往往会损害甚至阻碍艺术家的创造力。” 注：批评家是指那些对艺术作品，诸如小说、电影、音乐、绘图等进行评价的人。 Issue 144
“It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value." *a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. “能够给社会留下具有持久价值东西的人是艺术家，而不是艺术评论家。”
Issue 145 "A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles.”
“检验性格的一个至关重要的试金石是看一个人能否在不牺牲其原则的情况下适应那些不断变幻的社会规范。”
Issue 146
“People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it.”
“最深切地致力于某一理念或政策的人是对它最持批评（挑剔）态度的。”
Issue 147
“Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them.”
“传统与现代化水火难容，人们必须在两者之间作出抉择。”
Issue 148
“Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or trouble.”
“许多人欣赏理想主义，但它一般以失望或麻烦而告终。”
Issue 149
“The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects.”
“保护荒野地区的最实用而有效的途径是通过某些在环境方面敏感的项目将更多的旅行者吸引到这些地方来。”
Issue 150
“Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete.”
“由于电视和全球性的电脑联网，人们现在可以熟悉了解从前没有游览过的众多地方，其结果是旅游业会很快萧条。”
Issue 151
“High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.”
“高速电子传播媒介，例如电子邮件和电视，常常妨碍人们实现意义深远、有思想深度的交流。”
Issue 152
“The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies.”
“只要不违法，公司决策者的唯一责任就是多多益善地为公司赚钱。”
Issue 153
“Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.”
“学生应该对他所学的一切东西持怀疑态度。他们对所教给他们的东西应该进行质询而不是被动地接受。”
Issue 154
“Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.”
“家长和社区都必须参与到地方学校对青少年的教育中去。教育的至关重要性决定了它不能只依靠专业的教育工作者。”
Issue 155 "Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important.”
“当代社会提供的学习方式如此之多，以至于读书不再非常重要。”
Issue 156
“Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live.”
“选择是种幻觉。现实中，我们的生活完全受制于我们生活于其中的社会。”
Issue 157
“There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.”
“世界上根本没有纯客观的观察这样的东西。所有的观察都是主观的，永远受制于观察者的期望或愿望。”
Issue 158
“The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects.”
“艺术（包括音乐、舞蹈、视觉艺术等）对学生的教育殊为重要，因此应该像数学，科学，及其它主流课程那样获得同等程度的重视。”
Issue 159
“The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.”
“人类的大脑将永远优越于机器，因为机器仅仅只是人类大脑的工具。”
Issue 160
“The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.”
“一位卓有成效的领导人最根本的品质就是能够一如既往地坚持特定的原则和目标。任何一个容易且迅速受制于大众舆论变化的领导人很少能有什么成就。”
Issue 161
“In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.”
“当今时代铺天盖地的媒体宣传使社会不再可能将任何一个男人或女人奉为英雄。任何一个受到媒体审视的人，其名声终将受损。”
Issue 162
“One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed.”
“我们常听到这样一种说法，即人们应该为其自己的生活负起责任来。但是，人们所处的状况在很大程度上在人们意识到它们之前早就被决定了。因此，个人责任这一概念要比人们常常假设的远来得复杂和不现实。”
Issue 163
“Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis.”
“大多数人，无论是在物质层面上还是在道德层面上，都生活在一个极为有限的圈子内。他们只能利用非常有限的一部分能为他们所获得的资源，直到他们面对一个重大问题或危机。”
Issue 164
“Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes.”
“有时候，想象力成为一种比经验更为可贵的财富。有些缺乏经验的人能够自由地发挥想象力，这样他们就可以不受固有习惯和态度的束缚来处理所要完成的任务。”
Issue 165 "In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority.”
“在任何一个特定的领域中，主要的声音经常来自这样一些人，他们的动机不是源自其信仰，而是源自这样一种愿望，即要去表达那些有别于大多数人所持有的观念和思想。”
Issue 166
“Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable.”
“在过去的一个世纪中，技术所作出的一个最重大的贡献是使人们的生活变得更加舒适。”
Issue 167
“It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician.”
“对于一个有效的政治领袖而言，在所有的时候都说真话是不可能的。对政治家来说，绝对诚实并不是一种有用的美德。”
Issue 168
“Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.”
“在任何一个特定的领域，对作品的评判几乎全都没有什么价值，除非这种评判来自该领域的某位专家。”
Issue 169
“Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other.”
“那些将政治与道德当作仿佛是互不相干的两个范畴的人，对这两者中的任何一者都一无所知。”
Issue 170
“The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people.”
“一个伟大国家的最可靠的标志并非是其统治者、艺术家或科学家所取得的成就，而是其全体人民总体的福祉水平。”
Issue 171
“People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good.”
“那些出于纯粹个人原因而去追求其学术兴趣的人，比那些试图服务于公共利益的人更能为世界上的其他人带来裨益。”
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Issue 172
“Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time.”
“重要的真理最初形成之时往往表现为对那个时代传统智慧的一种猛烈的或至少是令人不舒服的抨击。”
Issue 173
“Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways.”
“原创性并非意味着去思索那些前人从未思索过的东西；它意味着以全新的方式将旧思想融合在一起。”
Issue 174
“Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.”
“法律不应该是静态的和一成不变的。相反，它们应该具有足够的灵活性来将不同的情况、时间和地点考虑在内。”
Issue 175 "It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual.”
“进行创新的驱动力总是个人。虽然具体细节可由一个团队来完成，但真正的创新源自个人的进取心和独特的感觉。”
Issue 176
“The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each.”
“科学的作用在于使人消除疑虑，而艺术的目的在于颠覆旧的一切。各自的价值皆在于此。”
Issue 177
“The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes.”
“对某一学科所作的研究可改变我们看待世界的方式。在研究了该学科之后，我们所看到的仍是和以前相同的世界，但看待问题的方式已全然不同。”
Issue 178
“It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds.”
“通过一些控制或限制人们行为的法律是有可能的。但立法无法改变人类的本性。法律不能改变人们心灵深外的东西。”
Issue 179
“What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open—but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything.”
“大多数人真正希望获得的东西不是知识，而是某种确定感。获得真正的知识需要冒风险，并保持心灵的开放。但大多数人更愿意得到确定的信息，而不愿去了解有关任何事情的那种复杂且常常令人不安的事实真相。”
Issue 180
“Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated.”
“现代社会的许多问题无法通过法律和法制得到解决，因为我们不能对道德行为进行立法。”
Issue 181
“The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training. Different interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things.”
“学生和学者在对其学术领域中所处理的材料进行解释时，所采用的方法更多地是一个性格问题，而不是一个专业训练问题。之所以会出现大相径庭的解释，是因为即使性格不同的人也能看到完全相同的对象、事实、数据或事件，但他们的看法却互不相同。”
Issue 182
“It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.”
“只相信人类的智力是危险的。”
Issue 183
“As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious.”
“随着我们获得更多的知识，事物并没有变得更易理解，而是变得更加复杂，更加神秘。”
Issue 184
“It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data.”
“在获得数据之前就进行理论阐述，这是一个严重的错误。”
Issue 185 "Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.”
“丑闻——无论是在政界、学术界，还是在其他领域——也能发挥其应用的作用。它们可以通过演说家或改革者所无法企及的方式将我们的注意力集中在某些问题上。”
Issue 186
“Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world.”
“实用性现在已成为我们的大偶像，所有的能力和才华必须唯其是瞻。任何不具有明显实用功能的东西在当今世界都是几乎没有价值的。”
Issue 187
“It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice.”
“欢迎创新，接受新思想，这是轻而易举的。但大多数人觉得难以做到的是去接受这些新思想被付诸实践的那种方式。”
Issue 188
“Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it.”
“成功，无论是学术上的还是事业上的，都涉及到在新环境中存活的能力，并最终改变这种环境。”
Issue 189
“If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present.”
“如果人们忽视历史上的伟大作品，这是因为这些作品不再能满足目前的需要。”
Issue 190
“As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money.”
“只要社会中有人还在忍饥挨饿，或失业，或缺乏存活所需的基本技能，那么，使用公共资源来支持艺术便是不恰当的，甚至可能是残忍的，尤其是当我们考虑到这些钱款所有的潜在用途时。”
Issue 191
“Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers.”
“教育应在同等程度上致力于丰富学生的个人生活和培养学生成为卓有成效的劳动者。”
Issue 192
“Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning.”
“在任何生活领域中，成功在更多情况下来自冒险和碰运气，而不是来自认真谨慎的筹划。”
Issue 193
“It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social tranformations that have the most lasting significance.”
“具有最持久意义的东西不是那些构成头版头条新闻的政治事件，而是那些鲜被报道的社会变化。”
Issue 194
“The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative.”
“为生活或事业所能作出的最好准备不是去学会竞争，而是去学会合作。”
Issue 195 "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus.”
“政治的目标不应是追求某种理想，而应是去寻求共同的立场和合理的一致意见。”
Issue 196
“Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life.”
“技术所造成的问题远多于它所能解决的问题，并可能会威胁或危及生活质量。”
Issue 197
“The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries.”
“一个国家物质上的进步和福祉必然是和所有其他国家的物质进步和福祉密切相关。”
Issue 198
“Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences.”
“社会不应该鼓励与他人保持一致，而应该更多地欣赏个人差异。”
Issue 199
“Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone.”
“真正创新的思想并不是来自群体，而是来自个人。当群体力图去创新时，其成员会逼迫彼此作出妥协，这样，原本富有创造性的思想便遭到削弱，带上越来越浓的常规色彩。最富创新的思想源自单枪匹马工作的个人。”
Issue 200
“The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others.”
“最难获得的知识是自知之明。自知之明通常是通过孤独而不是通过与他人的互动而获得。”
Issue 201
“The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas—not to prepare them for a specific job.”
“教育的目的在于为学生提供一个价值体系，一种标准，一整套思想，而不是让他们为某一种具体的工作作好准备。”
Issue 202
“Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.”
“与伟大的思想家和伟大的艺术家不同，最有效的政治领袖必须经常屈服于公共舆论并为着妥协的缘故而放弃原则。”
Issue 203
“The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines.”
“理解某一社会的特征的最好方法是去审视被该社会推崇为英雄人物的那些男人和女人的性格。”
Issue 204
“We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all.”
“我们通过直接经验而学习到知识。在没有体验过一种理想的情况下接受该理论，这意味着什么都没学到。”
Issue 205 "As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive.”
“随着世界上的各个社会能越来越多地获得新信息，对终生学习所产生的作用无疑是具有积极意义的。”
Issue 206
“People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do.”
“人们在采取行动时过于迅速。相反，他们应该停下来思索一下他们有可能做的事情所会带来的后果。”
Issue 207
“Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are.”
“仪式和礼仪有助于来界定一个社会的特色。没有了它们，社会或人类群体就会越来越难以意识到他们究竟是什么样的人。”
Issue 208
“The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people.”
“人们穿着、打扮和行动的方式可暗示出他们的态度与兴趣爱好。通过观察某个社会中人们的外表和行为，我们就能知悉很多关于这个社会的思想和价值观的内容。”
Issue 209
“Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.”
“持不同观点的人们彼此间进行讨论，这是取得进步的最佳途径。”
Issue 210
“Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work.”
“大多数人在选择其职业生涯时，所依据的往往是一些实用主义的考虑，如经济上的需要，找工作是否相对容易，以及他们所能期望获得的薪酬。几乎很少有人能随心所欲地依据自己的天赋或对某种特定工作的兴趣去选择一种职业生涯。”
Issue 211
“Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an individual person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions.”
“任何决定，无论是由政府、公司或由个人作出的，应该更多地考虑到未来的情况而非目前的状况。”
Issue 212
“If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable.”
“如果某一目标是值得的，那么，用来达到这一目标的任何手段都是正当的。”
Issue 213
“Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others—that is, the ability to achieve social harmony—should be a major goal in every school.”
“我们过分强调学生应该质疑他人的论断。实际上，能够做出妥协让步并能够与他人肩并肩地合作，换言之，能够去实现社会和谐，这种能力应该成为每所学校的重要目标。”
Issue 214
“Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped.”
“社会应该辨别出那些拥有特殊才华和能力的孩子，并开始对他们实施早期训练，从而使他们最终能在他们所擅长的领域中出类拔萃。否则，这些天赋有可能一直无法得到发展。”
Issue 215 "The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single Issue over a long period of time.”
“当代社会中，视觉形象的轰炸所起到的作用是使人们越来越无法在一个较长的时间内将注意力明确而又广泛地集中在单个问题上。”
Issue 216
“Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.”
“大多数重大发现或创造都是偶然的：情况往往是这样，当我们正在为一个问题寻找答案时，我们碰巧发现了另一个问题的答案。”
Issue 217
“In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made.”
“为了能创作出成功的原创作品，学者和科学家必须首先学习其他人的成功作品，以便了解哪些贡献还有待于去实现。”
Issue 218
“In order for any work of art—whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.”
“为了使一部分艺术作品——无论是电影、文学、雕塑，还是歌曲——具有价值，它必须能为大多数人所理解。”
Issue 219
“Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with—much less contribute to—the quantity of information that is now available electronically.”
“由于计算机技术使人类得以快速地获取大量事实性信息，人们就不太可能象以前那样去进行深刻的和富有创造性的思维。他们觉得无法与人们现在通过电子手段所能获得的大量信息相匹敌，更说不上为之作出贡献了。”
Issue 220
“The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other.”
“知识的增加迫使人们进行专业化的分工。如此一来，各个专业领域之间的距离变得如此之大，以致于不同领域中的专家们很少能相互影响。”
Issue 221
“The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.”
“史学研究的主要益处在于去打破这样一种幻觉，即生活在一个历史时期的人们迥然有别于任何其他历史时期的人们。”
Issue 222
“Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals.”
“为了学习的缘故而去学习，这是一个陈旧过时的观念。今天，教育必须服务于一种外部的目的，面向明确的目标。”
Issue 223
“Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college.”
“教育主要是一种个人事务；它与学校或学院鲜有联系。 “
Issue 224
“Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified.”
“审查制度，即使有任何合理性，也很少是合理的。”
Issue 225 "People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else.”
“人们经常寻找共同点，即使在非常不同的事物之间，甚至在这样做没甚益处或有害的时候，人们还是乐此不疲。但恰恰相反，我们应该就事论事地考虑一件事情。我们应避免将它与其他事情进行比较的倾向。”
Issue 226
“People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience.”
“当人们以为他们所面临的问题要比其前人所面对的问题来得更为复杂且更具挑战性时，他们便错了。这种幻觉会随着其知识与阅历的增加而最终烟消云散。”
Issue 227
“To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions.”
“为了保持其生机和活力，任何学术领域必须由真正独立的思想家来领导，这些思想家应心甘情愿去忽视既存的樊篱，并挑战由来已久的假设。”
Issue 228
“The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.”
“最好的教育方法——无论是作为一位老师，雇主，还是作为父母——是去赞扬正面的行为而忽视负面的行为。”
Issue 229
“The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole.”
“学习一门新学科或新技能的最佳途径是深入学习小的片断或细节，而不是一上来就去培养一种整体感。”
Issue 230
“College students—and people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction.”
“大学学生——以及普通民众——宁肯服从指令也不愿意自己作出决定。因此，大学应该尽量多地去除选择，以便给学生提供清晰的指令。”
Issue 231
“'Moderation in all things' is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, 'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus.”
“‘全面实现现代化’实乃一种考虑欠妥的建议。相反，我们应该说，‘在大多数方面实现现代化’，因为许多领域的人类事务需要强烈的关注，或至少能从强烈的关注中获益。”
Issue 232
“The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns.”
“教育的目的在于创造一个独立于外界的学术环境。这种环境是十分理想的，因为它能够让学生将注意力集中于重要的思想，而不必为实用的考虑而分散精力。”
Issue 233
“Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.”
“虽然诸如录像机、电脑及因特网等发明似乎为学校提供了更加完善的教学手段，但这些技术非常频繁地分散着学生的注意力，使其无法专注于真正的学习。”
Issue 234
“Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choice, although they would probably deny such a preference.”
“大多数人更喜欢限制和规则，而不喜欢绝对的选择自由，尽管他们有可能否认这样一种偏爱。”
Issue 235 "Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force.”
“大多数人受过这样的教育，即忠诚乃美德。但忠诚——无论是对于自己的朋友、学校、工作单位，还是对任何机构的忠诚——在太多的时候是一种具有破坏性的而非建设性的力量。”
Issue 236
“Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful.”
“鼓励年轻人相信，只要他们勤于努力，就能实现重大成就，这不仅仅会产生误导作用，而且具有潜在的危害性。”
Issue 237
“Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone—not just scholars—to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works.”
“计算机和录像技术使诸如绘画和历史文件的原作的复制品能为所有人所获得。这一新技术的优越之处在于，它能使每个人，而不仅仅是学者，进行深入的研究，而不一定要占有原作。 Issue 238
“Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy.”
“与他人保持一致几乎总是会导致个人创造力和精力的窒息。”
Issue 239
“Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.”
“人们自认为‘事实性的’许多信息实际上都是不精确的，因此，任何一条被称为‘事实性的’信息不应该被信以为真，因为它在未来很有可能被证谬。”
Issue 240
“Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback.”
“虽然对另一个人或另一个团体所做的工作作出正面回应是极为容易的，但提供负面的反馈会更有价值。”
Issue 241
“An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time.”
“某个个人是否伟大，无法由这个人的同代人作出客观的评判。衡量一个人是否伟大的最客观的评判者是那些属于下一个时代的人们。”
Issue 242
“Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being.”
“全社会应竭尽全力挽救每一个植物与动物物种，无论人类在精力，时间和财力方面耗费多大的代价。”
Issue 243
“The true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather than in its scientific accomplishments.”
“文明的真正价值所反映在它的艺术创作中，而非反映在它的科学成就中。”
Issue 244
“Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them.”
“大多数社会不会认真对待他们那个时代最伟大的思想家，尽管他们声称他们十分崇拜这些思想家。”
Issue 245 "Unfortunately, the media tend to highlight what is sensational at the moment. Society would be better served if the media reported or focused more fully on events and trends that will ultimately have the most long-term significance.”
“不幸的是，媒体倾向于凸现那些只在此时此际轰动性的事件。如果媒体更全面充分地报道或关注那些终将产生最为深远意义的事件和趋势，那么，社会便能得到更好的回报。”
Issue 246
“Contemporary art (painting, music, literature, etc.) is absent from the lives of most people, since it is primarily created only for the enjoyment of other artists. Art should instead be created purely for popular understanding and appreciation.”
“当代艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等）已从大多数人的生活中消失，因为它主要是为了其他艺术家的享受而创作出来的。相反，艺术创作应该纯粹为了大众的理解和欣赏。”
Issue 247
“No amount of information can eliminate prejudice because prejudice is rooted in emotion, not reason.”
“再多数量的信息也无法消除人们的偏见，因为偏见植根于情感而非理性。”
Issue 248
“What is called human nature is really a reflection of the human condition: if all people had a reasonable share of territory and resources, such products of 'human nature' as war and crime would become extremely rare.”
“所谓人性实际上是人类生存条件的反映：如果所有的人都可以适当地分享土地和资源，那么诸如战争和犯罪等等‘人性’的产物就会极其罕见了。”
Issue 249
“Great advances in knowledge necessarily involve the rejection of authority.”
“巨大的知识进步必然涉及到对权威的摈弃。”
Issue 250
“International relations can never be completely harmonious because many cultures do not share the same values.”
“国际关系永远也无法做到彻底的和谐，因为许多文化并不分享相同的价值观。”
Issue 251
“We live under the illusion that we know what we want, when actually we merely want what we are supposed to want.”
“我们生活在这样一种幻觉中，即我们似乎知道我们想要什么；但实际上，我们所想得到的东西只是社会允许我们去获取的那些东西。”
Issue 252
“The function of art is not to keep pace with science and technology but rather to provide an escape from these forces.”
“艺术的作用不是与科技保持同步，而是去提供一种逃避这些力量的途径。”
Issue 253
“Too much time, money, and energy are spent developing new and more elaborate technology. Society should instead focus on maximizing the use of existing technology for the immediate benefit of its citizens.”
“太多的时间、金钱和精力被用于发展全新的和更为复杂的技术。相反，社会应该集中力量来最大限度地应用现有技术，来使它的公民直接受益。”
Issue 254
“Imprisonment for violent crimes should be made as unpleasant as possible in order to deter potential offenders from committing such crimes.”
“对犯有暴力罪行的人实施的囚禁，应该尽可能地使它变得难以忍受，从而对潜在的作恶者产生威慑作用，使其不敢去犯下这样的罪行。”
Issue 255 "Most cultures encourage individuals to sacrifice a large part of their own personalities in order to be like other people. Thus, most people are afraid to think or behave differently because they do not want to be excluded.”
“大多数文化鼓励个人牺牲其相当一部分个性以便与他人保持相似。因此，大多数人便不敢有不同的思想和行为，因为他们不希望被排除在群体之外。”
Issue 256
“Most of the people we consider heroic today were, in fact, very ordinary people who happened to be in the right place at the right time.”
“事实上，大多数在今天被我们视为英雄的人们都是一些普通人而已，他们只是凑巧在恰当的时机出现在恰当的地方。”
Issue 257
“A person's own habits and attitudes often limit that person's freedom more than do restrictions imposed by others.”
“一个人自身的习惯与态度往往要比由他人施予的禁令更能限制这个人的自由。”

GRE Argument类作文题库——嘉文博译英汉双语版

GRE Argument类作文题库
嘉文博译英汉双语版
The Pool of Argument Topics
Argument 1
The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products.
"Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age."
下述文字摘自《自然之道》副总裁撰写的一份备忘录。《自然立道》是一家出售健康食品和其他与健康相关产品的连锁商店。 　　
“此前的经验表明，在居民们极其注重健康生活的那些地区，我们的商店能达到最大程度上的盈利。因此，我们应该将我们下一家新的商店开设在Plainsville市，因为该市拥有许多这样的居民。Plainsville市的商人反映说，运动鞋和运动衫的销售连创历史新高。当地的一家健身俱乐部，5年之前由于生意清淡几近倒闭，现在所拥有的会员超过了以往任何时候，而瘦身训练班和增氧健身班总是人满为患。我们甚至可以预期新一代顾客即将出现：Plainsville市的在校学童被要求参加一项‘终身健身’项目，该项目强调有经常性的早期锻炼所能带来的益处。”
Argument 2
The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deerhaven Acres to all homeowners in Deerhaven Acres.
"Seven years ago, homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average property values have tripled in Brookville. In order to raise property values in Deerhaven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and house painting."
下述文字摘自Deerhaven Acres房屋业主委员会致Deerhaven Acres所有房屋业主的一封信函。 　　
“7年前，附近的Brookville社区的业主们采取了一系列限制性措施，规定了社区的院子应如何设计风景，住房的外部应漆上何种颜色。自那时候以来，Brookville平均房价已翻了三倍。为了使Deerhaven Acres的房地产升值，我们应该采用我们自己的一整套规范风景设计和房屋颜色的限制措施。”
Argument 3
The following appeared in a newspaper article about law firms in the city of Megalopolis.
"In Megalopolis, the number of law school graduates who went to work for large, corporate firms declined by 15 percent over the last three years, whereas an increasing number of graduates took jobs at small, general practice firms. Even though large firms usually offer much higher salaries, law school graduates are choosing to work for the smaller firms most likely because they experience greater job satisfaction at smaller firms. In a survey of first-year students at a leading law school, most agreed with the statement that earning a high salary was less important to them than job satisfaction. This finding suggests that the large, corporate firms of Megalopolis will need to offer graduates more benefits and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work."
下述文字摘自某份报刊上关于Megalopolis市法律事务所的一篇文章。 　　
“在Megalopolis市，在过去3年中，前往大型公司性事务所工作的法学院毕业生的数量下降了15％；相反，越来越多的毕业生则在小型的、一般性实习事务所就职。尽管大型事务所普遍提供远高得多的薪酬，但法学院毕业生之所以选择为小型事务所工作，最有可能是因为他们在较小的事务所能体验到较大的职业满足感。在一项对某著名法学院５年级学生所作的调查中，大多数受访者同意这样一种陈述，即对他们来说，获得高薪水远没有职业满足感那么重要。这一调查结果表明，Megalopolis市的那些大型的、公司性事务所有必要向毕业生提供更多的实惠和福利，并减少工作时间。”
Argument 4
The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams."
下述文字是发表在某因特网房地产讨论区的一副贴子。 　　
“在我镇两大房地产公司——Adams房地产公司和Fitch房地产公司——之间，Adams公司显然更为优秀。Adams公司拥有40家房地产代理商。相反，Fitch公司只有25家，其中许多家代理商只是兼职性质的。此外，Adams公司去年的收益是Fitch公司的两倍，每幢房屋的平均售价达168，000美元，与此形成对比的是Fitch公司，只达到144，000美元。列入Adams公司名下的房屋售出速度也来得更快。10年前，我将自己的房屋列在Fitch公司的名单上，但却花了4个多月才得以售出。去年，当我们出售另一栋房屋时，我将它列入到Adams公司的名下，结果只花了一个月。因此，如果你想尽快出售你的住房，并想卖个好价钱的话，你应该使用Adams公司的服务。”
Argument 5
The following appeared in the business section of a newspaper.
"Given that the number of people in our country with some form of arthritis is expected to rise from 40 million to 60 million over the next twenty years, pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for the treatment of arthritis should be very profitable. Many analysts believe that in ten years Becton Pharmaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment for arthritis, will be the most profitable pharmaceutical company. But the patent on Xenon expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug. Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals, maker of a new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis."
下述文字摘自某报的商务部分。 　　
“鉴于我国患有某种形式的关节炎的病人的数量可望在接下来的20年中从4000万升至6000万，生产治疗关节炎药品的制药公司将会有可观的盈利。许多分析家认为，在10年之内，Becton制药公司（它所生产的Xenon药是治疗关节炎的最畅销药）将成为盈利最多的制药公司。但Xenon药的专利将在3年内到期，其他公司届时都可以去制造较为廉价的同类药品。因此情况更有可能是，在10年之内，盈利最丰的制药公司将会是Perkins制药公司。它是一家制造一种被称为Xylan新药的企业，而临床研究表明，每10个患有最极端关节炎个案的病人中，有7个会选用Xylan药而不会选用Xenon药。”
Argument 6
The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.
"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."
下述文字摘自一份由Monroe市一群发展商所撰写的小型商业货款申请书。 　　
“在Monroe市组建一个爵士乐俱乐部将不失为一项极其有利可图的项目。眼下，离Monroe市最近的爵士乐俱乐部也有65英里的路程；因此，我们拟议中名为“C调”的俱乐部将把当地市场尽收囊中。此外，爵士乐在Monroe市极为流行：去年夏天，有10万以上的听众参加了Monroe市的爵士音乐节，有数位著名的爵士乐音乐家居住在Monroe市，而Monroe市收听率最高的节目当数每周的所有工作日夜晚播放的“爵士乐之夜”。最后，一项全国范围的调研表明，一个普通的爵士乐迷每年花在爵士乐娱乐上的费用接近1000美元。显而易见，“C调”俱乐部将会财源滚滚，只赚不赔。”
Argument 7
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.
"In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."
下述文字摘自一封致《Clearview报》编辑的信函。 　　
“在下一次市长选举中，Clearview的市民应该将票投给Ann Green而不应该投给Frank Brann（前者为“地球之友协会”的成员，后者则是Clearview市政委员会的成员），因为目前的市政委员会成员们并没有很好地保护我们的环境。举例来说，在过去的一年中，Clearview市的工厂数量增加了一倍，空气污染水平相应上升，当地的医院所治疗的患有呼吸疾病的病人也增加了25％。如果我们推选Ann Green的话，Clearview市的环境问题无疑会近刃而解。”
Argument 8
The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the strategic planning department at Omni Inc.
"Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25 year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."
下述文字摘自Omni公司战略规划部颁发的一份备忘录。 　　
“Mesa食品公司——一家快餐制造商，目前正在本国一个较小的地区营销其产品——具有强劲的增长潜力。Mesa公司去年的利润增长了20％，其最畅销的产品Diabolique Salsa比过去3年中的每一年都有增长。既然Omni公司有兴趣打入14至25岁这一最大数量的快餐消费年龄群体的市场，我们就应该收购Mesa食品公司，并特别致力于Diabolique Salsa产品在全国的营销。”
Argument 9
The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University.
"Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent. Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors."
下述文字摘自Omega大学某系主任的备忘录。 　　
“15年前，Omega大学贯彻了一项新的措施，鼓励学生对所有教授的教学效果进行评估。从那以后，Omega大学的教授们便开始为学生给出较高的成绩，Omega 大学的平均总评成绩因此上升了30％。那些潜在的雇主显然相信，Omega大学的成绩含有水份。这就说明了为什么Omega大学的毕业生没能像附近的Alpha大学的毕业生那样成功地找到工作。为了使其毕业生获得更好的工作，Omega大学应该马上停止学生对教授的教学评估。”
Argument 10
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper. "The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon. To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices. Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers."
下述文字摘自一封致Batavia某报编辑的信函。 　　
“Batavia的农业部门反映，全国的奶牛场数量现在已经比10年前的数量增加了25％。但同期的牛奶价格在当地的Excello食品市场却从每加仑1.5美元升至每加仑3.0美元以上。为了阻止农民从明显增加的牛奶供应中牟取暴利，Batavia政府应该开始规范牛奶的零售价。这样的监管将是十分必要的，可用来为消费者确保较低的价格及充分的牛奶供应。”
Argument 11
The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg.
"Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted."
下述文字摘自West Egg 镇市长的一份备忘录。 　　
“二年前，我们的咨询顾问们预测，用于垃圾处理的填埋场会在5年之内全部填满。但在过去的二年中，本镇居民们一直在回收利用铝和纸，其回收量是前几年的两倍。下个月，所回收的材料的数量将进一步增加，因为垃圾清运费将会翻番。此外，一项近期调查的90％以上的受访者称，他们将在未来作更多的回收利用。由于我们的居民坚决致力于回收利用，因此，我们的填埋场尚存的空间将比所预测的时间能持续远长得多的使用时间。”
Argument 12
The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.
"During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."
下述文字摘自Alta制造公司副总裁的备忘录。 　　
“在过去的一年中，Alta制造公司所发生的工作现场事故超出了附近Panoply工业公司的30％，在他们那里，每班工作时间要比我们的少一小时。专家认为，许多工作现场事故的一个重要诱因是工作疲劳和缺乏睡眠。因此，为了减少Alta公司工作现场事故的数量，并由此而提高生产效益，我们应该将每天三班中每一班的工作时间减少一小时，以便让我们的职工获得足够的睡眠。”
Argument 13
The following appeared in a memo from the chief executive of a video game company. "We have recently been offered the opportunity to buy the rights to produce a video game based on the soon-to-be-published children's book "Squirrel Power," by Peter Wood. While the cost of the rights is substantial and will place economic constraints on our company in the short-term, there are two reasons that the purchase of these rights will undoubtedly be a wise investment. First, Wood's last three books have been best sellers and the movie based on his first book was highly profitable. Second, the popular characters and story line in "Squirrel Power" will save us time in developing our video game, thereby reducing our costs."
下述文字摘自某电视游戏公司行政总裁的备忘录。 　　
“有人最近向我们提供了一个机会，可购买版权来制作基于Peter Wood即将出版的儿童故事书《松鼠力量》的电视游戏。虽然购买版权耗费巨大，并将在短期内对我们公司构成经济压力，但有二个原因可证明购买这些版权无疑是一项极为明智的投资。首先，Wood的最后三部作品一直是畅销书，改编自他第一部作品的电影也有过极为不俗的盈利表现。其次，《松鼠力量》一书中广受欢迎的人物及故事情节将有助于我们节省制作我们自己电视游戏的时间，从而减少我们的开支。”
Argument 14
The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town.
"There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey conducted last month indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners this coming spring."
下述文字摘自Green Thumb园艺中心（一家为一郊区小镇提供服务的小型商家）老板的一份备忘录。
“有证据表明，消费者正在变得越来越感兴趣于种植其自己的蔬菜。上个月进行的一项全国性调查表明，许多消费者对超市出售的新鲜蔬菜的质量深表不满。在我们本地，名为《伟大的花园》的园艺杂志连续三个月在村庄报刊摊上被抢购一空。因此，在Green Thumb园艺中心，我们可望增加我们的利润，只要我们大幅度扩展我们在即将来到的这个春天为园丁们准备的蔬菜种籽的品种。”
Argument 15
The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors.
"Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products abound in many food stores. Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease. We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company."
下述文字摘自一份向投资者提供建议的时事通讯。 　　
“针对一份近期的调查，80％以上的受访者表示希望减少含有脂肪和胆固醇的食物的摄入量，而目前低脂肪产品在许多食品店供应充足。由于Old Dairy Industries公司目前所营销的许多食物产品富含脂肪和胆固醇，该公司的销售量可能会大幅度下降，利润肯定也将减少。我们因此建议持有Old Dairy Industries公司股份的投资者尽快出售其股份，亦建议其他投资者不要购买该公司的股票。”
Argument 16
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia.
"Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The new lottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling."
下述文字摘自一封Impecunia州的居民致某当地报纸编辑的信函。 　　
“2年前，我们的邻州Lucria设立了州立抽奖来补充用于教育和公共健康的税收。今天，Lucria州花在每个学生身上的经费要比我们的多，并且，Lucria州的公共卫生项目所治疗的病人远比我们的多。如果我们也设立像Lucria州那样的州立抽奖的话，从中获得的利润就可用来改善我们的教育制度和公共卫生项目。新的抽奖毫无疑问将会大获成功，因为一项在州首府城市进行的调查得出的结论是，Impecunia州的居民平均每人每年在赌博上的花费已达到50美元。”
Argument 17
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper. "Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ—which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks—has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance."
下述文字摘自一封致Walnut Grove 镇报编辑的信函。 　　
“Walnut Grove镇政委员会已提议将业务从EZ垃圾处理公司（该公司已获得在过去10年中负责Walnut Grove镇垃圾收集服务的合约）转至ABC废物处理公司，因为EZ公司最近将其每月收费用2000美元提高到2500美元，而ABC公司的收费则仍然为2000美元。但镇政府委员会却犯了一个错误。我们应该继续使用EZ公司。EZ公司每周二次收集垃圾，而ABC公司只有每周一次。此外，EZ公司——该公司目前与ABC公司一样拥有20辆车的运输队——已定购了更多的车辆。最后，EZ公司所提供的服务非常出色——针对去年的一项全镇性调查，80％的受访者认定他们对EZ的表现‘满意’。”
Argument 18
The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper.
"In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly. If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago."
下述文字摘自Prunty县某份报纸上的社论。 　　
“为了提高公路上的安全性，Prunty县最近在其所有主要县级道路上将车辆的限速标准从每小时55英里降至每小时45英里。但是，每小时55英里的限速标准应予恢复，因为这一安全努力已告失败。大多数驾驶者都在超过这一新的限速标准，Prunty全县的事故率仅有微弱下降。如果我们希望提高我们道路的安全性，我们应另想办法来实施像Butler县5年前完成的那种道路改进工程，即扩大车道宽度，重新浇制高低不平道路的路面。今天，Butler县的主要道路仍然维持着每小时55英里的限速标准，但Butler县过去这一年中有报道的车祸数量要比5年前的减少了25％。”
Argument 19
The following appeared in a letter from the manager of a rock band named Double Rice.
"One year ago, tickets for Double Rice's concerts in stadiums around the country took, on average, at least 24 hours to sell out, if they sold out at all. But the band has been enjoying a surge in nationwide popularity among 14 to 25 year olds, and the 30,000 tickets for a recent concert in Megalopolis sold out in 12 minutes. Clearly the ticket sales in Megalopolis are a result both of the band's increased popularity and of the advertising campaign run in Megalopolis by the Ad Lib advertising agency. Thus, in order to ensure that the band's success in Megalopolis is repeated across the country, the band should hire Ad Lib to duplicate the Megalopolis ad campaign on a nationwide scale."
下述文字摘自一个名为Double Rice 摇滚乐团经理的一封信函。 　　
“一年前，Double Rice乐队在全国各体育馆举办的音乐会门票平均要花24小时才能售完，如果真能售完的话。但本乐队在14至25岁年龄段的观众中受欢迎的程度在全国范围内正在急骤飚升，最近一次在Megalopolis市举办的音乐会，30,000张门票12分钟便被抢购一空。显而易见，Megalopolis的售票业绩之所以如此之好，一方面是因为本乐队著名度的提高，另一方面是由于 Ad Lib广告代理公司在Megalopolis市进行了声势浩大的广告宣传。因此，为了确保本乐队在Megalopolis市的成功能在全国各地重演，本乐队应该雇佣Ad Lib广告公司在全国范围内复制Megalopolis市的那种广告造势活动。”
Argument 20
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.
"The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 duing the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies from 50 per day to 30 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau, when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals."
下述文字摘自一封致《Balmer岛报》编辑的信函。 　　
“Balmer岛的人口在夏季的几个月中增加到10万人。为了减少涉及到机动自行车和行人的交通事故，Balmer岛的镇政委员会应该限制由岛上6个机动自行车和人力自行车租赁公司中每个公司租出的机动自行车的数量，在夏季将每天50辆减至每天30辆。通过限制租车数量，镇政委员会肯定能达到机动自行车交通事故减少50％的目标，而这恰好就是附近的Torseau岛去年所取得的成绩，因为Torseau岛的镇政委员会对机动自行车的租赁实施了类似的限制。”
Argument 21
The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.
"Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase."
下述文字摘自Sartorian——一家制造男仕服装的公司——新任副总裁的备忘录。 　　
“5年前，当我们难以获得可靠的高品质羊毛纤维供应的时候，我们中止了我们豪华羊驼呢大衣的生产。既然我们现在有了新的纤维供应商，我们应该重新进行该款服饰的生产。它将有很好的销路：既然我们已有5年的时间中止了羊驼呢大衣的销售，并且，既然我们的竞争对手已不再生产羊驼呢大衣，将会存在郁积的消费需求。此外，既然大多数类型的服饰的价格在过去5年中逐年上涨，削费者会非常乐意去花比5年前远高得多的价钱去购买羊驼呢大衣。我们公司的利润必将增涨。”
Argument 22
The following appeared in a memo from the president of a company that builds and sells new homes in Steel City.
"Over the past five years, the population of Steel City has increased by more than 20 percent, and family incomes in Steel City have risen much faster than the national average. Nationwide, sales of houses priced above $150,000 have increased more than have sales of lower-priced houses. Such data indicate that we should make changes in our business to increase company profits. First, we should build fewer low-priced houses than we did last year and focus instead on building houses designed to sell at above $150,000. Second, we should hire additional workers so that we can build a larger total number of houses than we did last year."
下述文字摘自在钢城建造和出售住房的某公司总裁的备忘录。 　　
“在过去的5年中，钢城的人口增加了20％以上，钢城家庭收入的涨幅远快于全国的平均水平。从全国形势看，售价在15万美元以上的房屋的销售量，增长的幅度已超过售价较低的房屋的销售量。这些数据均表明，我们应该对我们的业务进行某些调整，以便增加我们的利润。首先我们应该比去年少建低价住房，相反，应集中力量去建造售价在15万美元以上的房屋。其次，我们应该雇佣更多的工人，这样我们就能建造总量超过去年的房屋。”
Argument 23
A recent sales study indicated that consumption of seafood dishes in Bay City restaurants has increased by 30 percent over the past five years. Yet there are no currently operating city restaurants that specialize in seafood. Moreover, the majority of families in Bay City are two-income families, and a nationwide study has shown that such families eat significantly fewer home-cooked meals than they did a decade ago but at the same time express more concern about eating healthily. Therefore, a new Bay City restaurant specializing in seafood will be quite popular and profitable.
最近的一项调查表明，港湾城餐馆里海鲜菜肴的消费比过去的5年增加了30％。然而，本市却还没有见到有任何专营海鲜的餐馆在营业。不仅如此，港湾城大多数家庭都是些有着双份收入的家庭，一项全国性的调查表明，这样的家庭与10年前相比，在家自己做菜吃饭的人已大大减少，但在同时对健康饮食却表示出了更大的关注。因此，如果开设一家专营海鲜的新港湾城餐馆，必将大受欢迎，财源广进。”
Argument 24
The following appeared in a memo from the president of Viva-Tech, a manufacturer of high-tech medical equipment.
"In order to reduce costs, we should close some of our existing small assembly plants and build a large central plant. Grandview would be an ideal location for this new plant. First, of the locations that we have considered, Grandview has the largest adult population, so that we will be able to staff our plant quickly and easily. Second, since the average wage earned by workers in Grandview is less than that in the other locations, we should be able to keep production costs low. Last, as an inducement for us to build there, Grandview's town council has offered to allow us to operate for the first three years without paying city taxes."
下述文字摘自Viva-Tech——一家高科技医疗设备制造商——总裁的备忘录。 　　
“为了降低成本，我们应该关闭某些我们现有的小型装配厂，去建造一家大型中央工厂。 Grandview将是建造这家新工厂的理想厂址。首先，在所有我们考虑过的厂址中，Grandview拥有最多的成人人口，因此我们能够既迅速又容易地为我们的工厂组织到员工。其次，由于Grandview地区的工人平均工资低于其他地方的工资水平，我们就能将生产成本维持在一个较低的水平。最后，作为吸引我们去那里建厂的一个优惠条件，Grandview镇政府委员会已主动提出，允许我们头三年里的生产无需支付市政税收。”
Argument 25
The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell. "Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."
下述文字摘自Viva-Tech——一家高科技医疗设备制造商——总裁的备忘录。 　　
“2年前，海景镇建造了一处新的镇级高尔夫球场和度假旅馆。在过去2年中，海景镇的旅游业随之兴旺起来，新的商业在那里开设起来，而海景镇的税收收益也增加了30％。改善Hopewell经济并且产生额外税收效益的最佳途径，是去建造海景镇那样的高尔夫球场及度假旅馆。”
Argument 26
The following appeared in a memo from the chairperson of the school board in the town of Saluda.
"For the past five years, Mr. Charles Schade has been the music director at Steel City High School, and during that time the school band from Steel City High has won three regional band competitions. In addition, the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years. Because of such successes at Steel City High, the Saluda school board should hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system."
下述文字摘自Saluda镇学校董事会主席的备忘录。 　　
“在过去的5年中，Charles Schade先生一直是钢城高中的音乐主任，在那期间，钢城高中的校乐队曾在三次地方性乐队比赛中夺冠。此外，在过去的5年中，钢城高中音乐排练设备和乐器的质量也有明显的提高。由于有在钢城高中这样的一些成功事例，Saluda学校的董事会应该雇佣Schade先生来规划和指导整个Saluda学校体系中的普通音乐教学计划。”
Argument 27
The following appeared as part of a memo from the president of Automate, a company that manufactures automobiles.
"It has come to my attention that Sparks, Inc., the manufacturing company that just moved into our state, is advertising job openings at salaries that are twice as high as those paid to our experienced assembly-line workers. Some of our employees have already left to work for Sparks. In order to keep our best staff, we must pay them salaries equal to those Sparks pays its employees. Otherwise we will continue to lose employees in the future, because Sparks must staff the additional new plants that it plans to build in the state."
下述文字摘自汽车伴侣——一家汽车制造公司——总裁的备忘录。 　　
“最近我已经注意到，一家刚迁至本州的制造公司，Sparks公司，正在通过广告招聘工人，所付的工资是我们付给本公司熟练装配线工人工资的两倍。我们的有些工人早就辞去本公司的工作而投奔到Sparks公司。因此，为了留住我们的最佳员工，我们必须向他们支付与Sparks公司付给其员工一样高的工资。否则，我们今后将会继续失去我们的雇员，因为Sparks公司必须为它在本州计划开设的其他新工作招聘员工。”
Argument 28
The following is a memo from the superintendent of the Mylar school district.
"A recent six-month study, in which breakfast was made available at school for 100 schoolchildren ages five to twelve, found that children on the breakfast plan were less likely than other children to be absent from or late for school. Clearly, eating breakfast before school plays a role in reducing student absenteeism and tardiness. It is also well known that children who regularly eat a healthful breakfast tend to perform better in school. Therefore, in order to reduce absenteeism and tardiness and to improve academic performance in all of Mylar's elementary and secondary schools, we should provide breakfasts for all students before each school day."
下述文字摘自Mylar地区教育厅长的备忘录。 　　
"我们最近进行了一项为期6个月的调查，向100位年龄在5至12岁的学生在学校提供早餐。调查发现，参加早餐计划的孩子与其他孩子相比不太可能旷课或迟到。显而易见，上学前能吃上早饭有助于减少学生的旷课和迟到现象。此外，众所周知，那些有规律地吃上一顿健康早餐的孩子在校的表现也会更佳。因此，为了在Mylar地区的所有中小学减少旷课和迟到现象，并提高教学质量，我们应该在每个上课日为所有学生提供早餐。”
Argument 29
when Ida McAllister ran for mayor of Lake City four years ago, she failed to win even 30 percent of the vote. But since then, McAllister has made public her commitment to environmental causes. She would be wise, therefore, to announce her intention to close all Lake City parks to automobile traffic, thus following the example of the former mayor of Plainsville, Alecia Yu . On the recommendation of a small group of concerned citizens, Mayor Yu prohibited automobile traffic in all Plainsville parks, and therefore was credited with solving the pollution problem and improving the quality of life in Plainsville. This action would have great appeal to the citizens of Lake City, most of whom participate in the community's recycling program, and would guarantee McAllister's success in her current quest to be Lake City's new mayor. 　　
当Ida McAllister 4年前竞选湖城市长的时候，她甚至没能赢得30％的选票。但从那里起，McAllister将她致力于环保事业的决心公诸于众。因此，她宣布她打算禁止机动车交通进入所有湖城公园，这不失为明智之举，并因此而表明她追循着Plainsville前市长Alecia Yu的榜样。在一小部分深表忧虑的公民的建议下，Yu市长曾在所有Plainsville市的公园禁止机动车交通，因而被誉为解决了Plainsville市的污染问题并提高了当地的生活质量。这项行动会对湖城的公民具有巨大的吸引力，他们中的大多数人都参加社区的回收利用计划。这确保了McAllister在其目前谋求成为湖城新市长的竞选中取得成功。
Argument 30
According to information recently reported in the Eliottown Gazette, the number of people who travel to Eliottown has increased significantly over the past several years. So far this year over 100,000 people have arrived on flights to Eliottown's airport, compared with only 80,000 last year and 40,000 the year before. Eliottown's train station has received more than 50,000 passengers this year, compared with less than 40,000 last year and 20,000 the year before. Clearly tourism in Eliottown has been increasing, thanks to the new Central Park and Museum of Modern Art that opened last year. Therefore, the funding for the park and museum should be increased significantly。 　　
据Eliottown镇报最近报道的信息，来Eliottown旅行的人数在过去几年中大幅增加。今年迄今为止已有10万人乘飞机抵达Eliottown机场，相比而言，去年只有8万人，前年只有4万人。今年，Eliottown火车站已接待了50万人，相比而言，去年仅为40万人，前年只有20万人。显而易见，多亏了在去年开张的新中央公园和现代艺术博物馆，Eliottown的旅游业现在正日趋红火。因此，我们应大幅度增加该公园和博物馆的经费投入。
Argument 31
The following appeared in the editorial section of a newsmagazine.
"Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly. Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not. Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children. Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient—or helpful in emergencies."
下述文字摘自某时事杂志的社论部分。 　　
“有些州正在制定新的法律，限制汽车驾驶者使用手提电话。但这方面的立法纯属愚蠢。虽然某些手机使用者毫无疑问在道路上会造成问题，包括严重车祸，但大多数人并不会这样。此外，造成交通问题的还包括这样一些驾车者，他们因为其他各种活动，如听收音机或管教孩子，而分散注意力。既然没有必要去通过立法来限制这些及其他此类活动，因此也就没有必要去限制人们使用一种在他们看来既方便又在紧急状况下十分有用的装置的自由。”
Argument 32
Until recently, people in Hiparia did most of their shopping by driving to shopping malls. They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service. For many purchases, Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.　　
“直到最近，Hiparia人的绝大多数商品都是开车去大型购物中心购买的。但他们现在正开始从邮递订购目录和因特网上订购商品而完成较多的购物活动。这些购买的商品通过邮寄或投递服务而送到他们手里。对于许多商品的购买，Hiparia人不必再驱车往返于大型购物中心与家之间。因此，在Hiparia，车辆燃料的消费将随之而出现下降。”
Argument 33
The following report appeared in an archaeology journal.
"The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."
下述报告摘自某考古学学术杂志。 　　
“在一片辽阔的区域散布着诸多史前遗址，许多造形独特的陶罐的发现致使考古学家提出了这样一个问题——这些陶罐是如何传播的。有些人认为造陶工人移居到不同的地区并随身携带着这些陶罐。其他人则认为这些陶罐是通过贸易的手段传至各地，制陶工人只逗留在一个地方。现在，对史前时代人类骨骼的骨头的分析可以来解决这一争议：某些食物中含有的某一金属元素的高含量强烈地与那些在童年之后移居到一处新地方的人有关。在若干遗址的陶罐附近发现的许多骨头显示出了该金属元素的高含量。因此，情况肯定是，这些陶罐是由于人的迁移而非通过贸易传播开去的。”
Argument 34
Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis。
下述文字摘自某时事杂志的社论部分。 　　
“牛奶和奶制品富含维他命D和钙这二种构造和维持骨骼所必不可少的物质。许多人因此相信，奶制品丰富的饮食有助于防止骨质疏松症。该疾病表现为随着年龄的增大，人的骨头变得异常无力，它与环境和基因因素相关。但对许多人进行的一项长期研究却发现，那些在整个研究的年份中始终食用奶制品的人，他们发生骨折的概率要高于该项研究的所有其他参与者。由于骨折是骨质疏松的一种征候，这一研究结果表明，富含奶制品的饮食实际上是在增加而不是在减少骨质疏松症的风险。”
Argument 35
The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
下述文字摘自对Mentia居民们所患头疼进行的一项研究的结论部分。 　　
“水杨酸盐（或酯）与用以治疗头疼的药物阿斯匹灵属于同一化学家族的成员。虽然许多食物自然富含水杨酸盐，在过去几十年中，食品加工公司也一直在食物中添加水杨酸盐作为保护剂。水杨酸盐商业用途的这种上升被发现与我们那项为期20年的研究的参加者们所反映的平均头疼次数持续下降相关。最近，食品加工公司发现，水杨酸盐也能用作食物中的调味添加剂。随着水杨酸盐这一新用途的出现，我们可以预料，普通Mentia居民所患的头疼次数将继续呈稳定下降的趋势。”
Argument 36
The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."
下述文字摘自人类学家Karp博士所撰写的一篇文章。 　　
“20年前，一位著名的人类学家Field博士访问了Tertia岛，并从他的观察中得出结论认为，Tertia岛的孩子是由整个村庄抚养长大的，而不是由他们自己生物意义上的父母养大的。但是，我最近对生活在包括Tertia岛在内的该群岛上的孩子所作的访谈表明，这些孩子更多时间谈论的是其生物学意义上的父母而不是村子里的其他成人。这项研究证明，Field博士关于Tertia村庄文化的结论是不真实的，因此，以观察为中心的文化研究方法是无效的。由于我所领导的在Tertia岛展开工作的小组的研究生们采用了以面谈为中心的研究方法，他们将建立起一种远为精确的关于那里及其他岛屿文化中抚养孩子之传统的理解。”
Argument 37
"Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea" 　　
“带有一种特定独特图案的手工编织篮子以前仅仅是在史前村庄Palea最邻近的地区被发现，并因此被认为是Palea人所特有的。但考古学家最近却在Lithos地区也发现了这样一只“Palea风格的”篮子，而Lithos区则是隔着Brim河与Palea区隔河相望的一个古老村庄。Brim河又深又宽，因此古代Palea人只有乘船才能渡过河去，但根本没有证据证明Palea人曾有过船只。而能够运载一群群人和货物的船只是在Plaea人消失数千年之后才被制造出来。此外，Palea人根本没有必要渡河到对岸去，因为Palea周围的丛林里满是干果，浆果和小动物。因此，结论自然而然是所谓的Palea风格的篮子并非为Plaea区所特有。”
Argument 38
The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.
"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."
下述备忘录摘自West Meria公共健康委员会的时事通讯。 　　
“一种富有创新意义的治疗方法已引起了我们的注意，该方法有望大大减少我们学校和工作单位的旷工和旷课现象。一项研究显示，在附近鱼类消费非常高的East Meria地区，人们每年只有一、二次去看大夫，治疗感冒。显然，食用大量的鱼能预防感冒。既然人们最普遍地用感冒来作为旷课或旷工的原因，我们建议每日使用Ichthaid，一种从鱼肝油中提炼出来的营养补充物，用以作为预防感冒和减少旷工（课）行为的有效方法。”
Argument 39
The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.
"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."
下述文字摘自Humana学院院长的备忘录。 　　
“去年，报名参加Omni大学远程学位课程的学生数量增加了50％。同年，Omni大学在宿舍和教室空间上的开支较上年出现了大幅度的减少，最可能的原因是远程课程的教学是通过互动式电视电脑联线来进行的。相反，在过去的三年中，Humana学院的入学率已呈下降趋势，维修大楼的费用直线上升。因此，为了提高Humana学院的入学率和解决预算赤字的问题，我们应该启动并积极推进像Omni大学那样的远程学位课程。”
Argument 40
The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Excello Food Markets.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
下述文字摘自对Mentia居民们所患头疼进行的一项研究的结论部分。 　　
“水杨酸盐（或酯）与用以治疗头疼的药物阿斯匹灵属于同一化学家族的成员。虽然许多食物自然富含水杨酸盐，在过去几十年中，食品加工公司也一直在食物中添加水杨酸盐作为保护剂。水杨酸盐商业用途的这种上升被发现与我们那项为期20年的研究的参加者们所反映的平均头疼次数持续下降相关。最近，食品加工公司发现，水杨酸盐也能用作食物中的调味添加剂。随着水杨酸盐这一新用途的出现，我们可以预料，普通Mentia居民所患的头疼次数将继续呈稳定下降的趋势。”
Argument 41
The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food-distribution company with food-storage warehouses in several cities.
"Recently we signed a contract with The Fly-Away Pest-Control Company to provide pest-control services at our fast-food warehouse in Palm City, but last month we discovered that over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. Meanwhile, the Buzzoff Pest-Control Company, which we have used for many years, continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage. Even though the price charged by Fly-Away is considerably lower, our best means of saving money is to return to Buzzoff Company for all our pest-control services."
下述文字摘自一家在多个城市拥有食物储存仓库的食品配送公司副总裁的备忘录。 　　
“最近，我们与Fly－Away害虫控制公司鉴定了一份合约，由Fly-Away公司为我们在棕榈城的快餐食品仓库提供害虫控制服务，但上个月我们发现，那里价值2万美元以上的食物因为害虫的破坏而被毁。同时，我们使用多年的Buzzoff害虫控制公司继续为我们在Wintervale的仓库提供服务，而在上个月储存在那里的食物中，仅有价值1万美元的食物因为害虫的破坏而被毁。即使Fly-Away公司的收费低得多，但我们节约开支的最佳手段还是在于重新让Buzzoff公司来为我们所有的仓库提供害虫控制服务。”
Argument 42
The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.
"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."
下述文字摘自Paraterra国经济部长的一份建议书。 　　
“为了增强其疲软的经济，我们的邻国Bellegea的政府去年开始实施一场广告战，宣传具有良好生态效应的旅游项目——生态旅游。今年，飞抵Bellegea主要机场的外国游客的数量翻了一倍，Bellegea国的人均收入也增加了10％。为了给Paraterra的民众增加收入，也为了保护我们这个小国家的自然环境，我们也应该开始推动生态旅游。为了确保我们的广告战也能取得成功，我们应该雇佣Bellegea国的国家旅游署的现任主任作为我们广告战的顾问。”
Argument 43
The following appeared as part of a business plan developed by the manager of the Rialto Theater.
"Despite its downtown location, the Rialto Movie Theater, a local institution for five decades, must make big changes or close its doors forever. It should follow the example of the new Apex Theater in the mall outside of town. When the Apex opened last year, it featured a video arcade, plush carpeting and seats, and a state-of-the-art sound system. Furthermore, in a recent survey, over 85 percent of respondents reported that the high price of newly released movies prevents them from going to the movies more than five times per year. Thus, if the Rialto intends to hold on to its share of a decreasing pool of moviegoers, it must offer the same features as Apex."
下述文字摘自Rialto剧院经理研发的商业企划书。 　　
“尽管拥有其闹市区这一优越的地理位置，但Rialto影剧院这家有着50年历史的地方机构必须作出某些重大调整，否则就永远关门。它应该模仿在城外大型购物中心新开张的Apex影剧院。当Apex影剧院去年开张的时候，它将录像拱廊，长毛绒地毯和座位，以及最新型优良的音响系统作为其主要特色。此外，在一项最近的调查中，85％以上的受访者反映，新发行影片的高昂票价每年会使他们放弃观看5部以上的影片。因此，如果Rialto影剧院希望留住日渐减少的电影观众总人数中的份额，它必须提供与Apex影剧院相同的服务特色。”
Argument 44
The following is a recommendation from the business manager of Monarch Books.
"Monarch Books should open a cafè in its store to attract more customers and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened a cafè. Monarch, which has been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer following because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Opening the cafè would clearly attract more customers. The cafè would require relatively little space. Space could be made for the cafè by discontinuing the children's book section, which will likely become less popular given that the last national census indicated a significant decline in the percent of the population who are under age ten."
下述文字摘自Monarch书店业务经理的建议书。 　　
“Monarch书店应该在其店内开设一处咖啡屋来吸引更多的顾客，以便更好地与最近开设了一家咖啡屋的Regal书店展开竞争。在同一地点营业了20多年的Monarch书店拥有一大批忠实的客户群，因为它以所有学科品种齐全的图书供应而著称。开设咖啡屋显然会吸引更多的顾客。这个咖啡屋相对不会占据太多的空间，只要中止儿童图书区的营业便可获得咖啡屋所需的空间，儿童图书有可能会变得越来越不受欢迎，因为上一次全国人口普查显示，10岁以下人口的百分比已出现大幅度下降。”
Argument 45
The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.
"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."
下述文字摘自一份野生动物杂志的社论。 　　
“北极鹿生活于加拿大北极区的群岛。它们一年中在冰面上从一个岛屿辗转迁徙到另一个岛屿，四处觅食。它们的栖息地仅限于这样一些地区，其温度高得足以维持它们赖以为生的植物能够生长，又低得足以（至少在一年中的某些季节）让冰层覆盖将岛屿分隔开来的海域，使得鹿群得以在上面行走。不幸的是，据当地猎人们反映说，鹿的种群数量正在下降。由于这些报告与最近导致海冰融化的全球气温变暖的趋势不谋而合，故我们可以得出结论，北极鹿种群数量下降的原因是因为这些鹿无法遵循它们历史悠久的在冰封的海面上迁移的生活模式。”
Argument 46
"Although black bears are common in the eastern Canadian province of Labrador, grizzly bears—often similar in color, but much larger—were believed to exist only in the western provinces. Despite a nineteenth-century explorer's account of having startled and narrowly escaped from a grizzly bear deep in the woods in Labrador, modern scientists find no physical evidence that grizzly bears have ever lived in Labrador. But recent research into the language and legends of the Innu, a people who have lived in Labrador for thousands of years, reveals that their language has words for two different kinds of bears, and their ancient legends attribute different characteristics to the two kinds of bears. Therefore, there probably were grizzly bears in Labrador, and the explorer's account probably accurately identified the bear"
“尽管黑熊在加拿大东部省分Labrador甚为常见，但灰熊——颜色往往相似但体形远来得大——则被认为仅存在于西部诸省。尽管有一位19世纪的探险家描述说，他在Labrador省的丛林深处曾惊起一头灰熊并勉强死里逃生，但现代的科学家们绝没有找到灰熊曾在Labrador省生活过的任何物质证据。但最近对Innu民族 ——一个在Labrador省生活了数千年的民族——的语言和传说所作的研究表明，他们的语言含有这两种不同的熊的词汇，并且，他们的古代传说赋予这两种熊以各不相同的特征。因此，Labrador省过去可能曾有过灰熊，而那位探险家的描述可能很精确地确认了那种熊。”
Argument 47
"Scientists studying historical weather patterns have discovered that in the mid-sixth century, Earth suddenly became significantly cooler. Although few historical records survive from that time, some accounts found both in Asia and Europe mention a dimming of the sun and extremely cold temperatures. Either a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteorite colliding with Earth could have created a large dust cloud throughout Earth's atmosphere that would have been capable of blocking enough sunlight to lower global temperatures significantly. A large meteorite collision, however, would probably create a sudden bright flash of light, and no extant historical records of the time mention such a flash. Some surviving Asian historical records of the time, however, mention a loud boom that would be consistent with a volcanic eruption. Therefore, the cooling was probably caused by a volcanic eruption" 　　
“研究历史上气候模式的科学家发现，在第六世纪中叶，地球突然发生过大幅度温度下降的现象。尽管几乎没有任何历史记载得以自那时候幸存下来，但在亚州和欧州两地发现的某些记述还是提到了太阳的一次变暗，以及极其寒冷的气温。或者是一次巨大的火山喷发，或者是一颗巨大的陨石与地球相撞，造成了地球大气层中一片巨大的尘埃云层，足以遮挡住足够的阳光，造成全球气温大幅度降低。但一次巨大的陨石碰撞可能会造成突然而又明亮的闪光，但那时幸存的历史记载均没有提到过这样的一次闪光。但亚州某些幸存的关于那一时期的历史记载确实提及一次巨大的爆炸声，它应与火山喷发的说法完全一致。因此，气温下降可能是由火山喷发所致。”
Argument 48
The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora. "Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."
下述文字摘自Corpora国出版的某篇报刊文章。 　　
“20年前，Corpora国全体居民中的一半达到了由国家体育健康顾问委员会在当时界定的充分身体健康的标准。今天，该委员会称所有居民中仅有1/4的人保持了充分的身体健康，并且表示过多时间使用计算机可能就是原因所在。但由于Corpora国内计算机拥有率最高的某些地区总体健康水平也是最高的，所以显而易见，使用计算机并没有使公民们的身体受到那么大的损害。相反，正如今年人们在与健身相关的产品和服务方面过低的开支所表明的那样，最近经济的不景气才最有可能是其原因。随着经济的改善，人们的健康水平也会相应提高。”
Argument 49
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newsletter on health issues. "For the past decade, most health experts have advised teenagers to avoid eating greasy foods in order to prevent acne and related skin conditions, but the number of teenagers who sought medical help for these skin problems has actually risen over the same period. In a recent study, teenagers who avoided greasy foods for a month reported approximately as many outbreaks of acne and related skin conditions as did those who ate an average of two servings of greasy food per day. Such data indicate that eating greasy foods is unlikely to be a cause of acne and related skin conditions. Therefore, health experts should no longer recommend that people avoid such foods."
下述文字摘自一封致某健康问题时事通讯的编辑的信函。 　　
“在过去的10年中，大多数健康专家建议青少年避免吃油腻食物，以便预防粉刺及相关皮肤症状，但为这些皮肤问题寻求过医疗帮助的青少年数量实际上在同期呈上升趋势。在最近的一项调查中，避免食用油腻食物达一个月的青少年反映，他们发生粉刺和相关皮肤症状的数量与那些平均每天吃二份油腻食物的青少年的数量大致相当。这些数据表明，吃油腻食物不可能导致粉刺及相关皮肤症状。因此，健康专家不应该再向人们建议免吃这类食物。”
Argument 50
From a draft textbook manuscript submitted to a publisher. "As Earth was being formed out of the collision of space rocks, the heat from those collisions and from the increasing gravitational energy of the planet made the entire planet molten, even the surface. Any water present would have evaporated and gone off into space. As the planet approached its current size, however, its gravitation became strong enough to hold gases and water vapor around it as an atmosphere. Because comets are largely ice made up of frozen water and gases, a comet striking Earth then would have vaporized. The resulting water vapor would have been retained in the atmosphere, eventually falling as rain on the cooled and solidified surface of Earth. Therefore, the water in Earth's oceans must have originated from comets."
下述文字摘自交给某出版商的一份教科书手稿草稿。 　　
“正当地球从空间岩石的碰撞中形成时，这些碰撞所产生的热量以及该行星日渐增强的重力能量所产生的热量致使整个这颗行星甚至其表面发生溶化。任何所存在的水份将会蒸发，消失至太空中。但是， 随着该行星逐渐达到目前的规模大小，它的重力开始变得足够的强劲，将气体和水蒸气保持在其周围作为一大气层。由于彗星很大程度上是一些由凝固的水和气体构成的冰，故那时撞击地球的一颗彗星很有可能发生蒸发。随之而形成的水蒸气很有可能被留在大气层中，最终作为雨水降落在早就冷却和固化的地球表面。因此，地球海洋中的水肯定源自彗星。”
Argument 51
The following appeared in a medical newsletter. "Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment.”
下述文字摘自一份医学时事通讯。“长期以来，医生们怀疑二次感染可能会妨碍某些病人在发生严重肌肉损伤后迅速痊愈。这一假设现在已被一项对两组病人展开的研究的初步结果所证实。第一组病人全都由Newland博士来治疗肌肉受伤。Newland博士的专业为运动医学，他让病人们在整个治疗期间定期服用抗生素。平均而言，这些病人的康复时间比普遍所预期的快40％。第二组病人由全科医生Alton博士负责治疗。Alton博士让病人服用糖丸，虽然病人相信他们所服用的是抗生素。他们的平均康复时间没有得到大幅度的缩短。因此，所有被诊断患有肌肉损伤的病人去服用抗生素作为其治疗的一个部分，这无疑是明智的。”
Argument 52
The following appeared in a memo to the human resources manager at Baobob Inc., a large architectural firm. "Several well-known, retired architects were interviewed in Architecture Today about changes in the field. Only one had earned a college degree in architecture. All others had come into the field at an early age by serving apprenticeships that required them to work under the direct supervision of an experienced architect. Several of the colleges that we recruit from report that many promising architecture students leave school early in their undergraduate career. Therefore, because finding talented architecture graduates is becoming more difficult, Baobob Inc. should start an aggressive apprenticeship program and hire students who express an interest in architecture directly out of high school rather than wait for them to get out of college.”
下述文字摘自一份致Baobob公司——一家大型建筑设计公司——人力资源经理的备忘录。“几位著名的、已退休的建筑师接受了《今日建筑》杂志的采访，讨论建筑领域中的变化。他们中仅有一位曾获得建筑学专业大学学位，所有其他几位都是通过早年当学徒进入这一行业的，其学徒生涯要求他们在一个经验丰富的建筑师的直接监督下工作。我们从中招聘职员的某些学院反映，许多极具潜质的建筑学学生在其本科学业的早期便离校。因此，由于寻找有天赋的建筑学毕业生正变得越来越困难，Baobob公司应该开始实施一项积极大胆的学徒计划，直接从高中雇用那些对建筑表现出兴趣的学生，而不是等待他们从学院毕业。”
Argument 53
Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.“13年前，科研人员研究了一组总数为25名的婴儿，这些婴儿在接触到诸如异常气味或一未知声音的录音等陌生刺激物时，表现出了轻微痛苦的症状。他们发现这些婴儿要比其他婴儿更有可能是在秋季早期受孕的，那时他们母亲褪黑激素——一种会影响某些大脑功能的激素——的产生会自然地随着白昼光照的减少而增加。在一项今年早些时候所作的跟踪研究中，这些曾表现出痛苦症状的孩子——现在均已成为青少年——中半数以上的人将自己描述为具有害羞心理。显然，产前褪黑激素含量的上升会导致婴儿时期的害羞心理，并且这种害羞心理会一直持续到后来的生活中。
Argument 54
The following appeared in a newsletter on dental health. "A recent research study reported the experience of dentists whose patients had, over a period of five years, regularly used Flux Dental Floss as part of their dental hygiene routine. The report indicates that these dentists had 50
percent fewer cases of gum disease than did dentists whose patients did not use Flux regularly. In addition, most of the Flux users who were surveyed by their dentists agreed that Flux's mint flavor would encourage people to floss more often. Thus, even though Flux may cost more than other brands of floss, it is clearly a worthwhile investment for those who want to be assured of healthy teeth and gums.”
下述文字摘自有关牙齿健康的一份时事通讯。“一项最近的调查研究报道了牙医们的医疗经验。这些牙医所治疗的病人在为期5年的时间中定期使用Flux洁牙线作为其牙龄卫生日常护理的一部分。这份报告显示，这些牙医碰到的牙床病个案的数量，要比那些其病人不定期使用Flux洁牙线的牙医的少50％。此外，大多数被其牙医调查的Flux洁牙线的使用者一致认为，Flux洁牙线的薄荷味会促使他们较为频繁地使用洁牙线来清洁牙齿。因此，即使Flux洁牙线会比其他品牌的洁牙线售价高，但显而易见，对于那些希望拥有一副健康的牙齿和牙床的人来说，它不失为一项物有所值的投资。”
Argument 55
The following appeared in a Letter to the Editor of the Shady Village newspaper. "Commuters are complaining that the rush hour traffic on Blue Highway between Shady Village and Bright City has doubled their commuting time. Some commuters have asked that an additional traffic lane be built, but the recent creation of such a lane on nearby Green Highway apparently attracted more commuters, judging from the fact that rush-hour traffic jams actually increased there this past winter. To reduce rush-hour traffic on Blue Highway, a bicycle lane should be added instead of a traffic lane. This approach will succeed because many citizens of Shady Village are avid bicyclists; 75 percent of respondents to a recent questionnaire distributed there said they would like to bicycle more hours per week than they currently do.”
下述文字摘自一封致《Shady村报》编辑的信函。“乘坐公交车上下班的旅客抱怨说，Shady村和Bright市之间的Blue公路高峰时段的交通使他们上下班的时间增加了一倍。有些乘客要求加开一条交通车道，但最近在附近的Green公路上新开通的这样一条车道明显吸引了更多的乘客，作出这一判断的理由是去年冬天高峰时段的交通堵塞在那里实际上有增无减。为了减少Blue公路上高峰时段的交通流量，应增设一条自行车道而不是机动车道。这一方法将取得成功，因为Shady村的许多公民都是劲头十足的自行车爱好者。75％的受访者在回答一份最近在当地散发的问卷调查时回答说，他们都愿意在将来每个星期比现在骑更多时间的自行车。”
Argument 56
Collectors prize the ancient life-size clay statues of human figures made on Kali Island but have long wondered how the Kalinese artists were able to depict bodies with such realistic precision. Since archeologists have recently discovered molds of human heads and hands on Kali, we can now conclude that the ancient Kalinese artists used molds of actual bodies, not sculpting tools and techniques, to create these statues. This discovery explains why Kalinese miniature statues were abstract and entirely different in style: molds could only be used for life-size sculptures. It also explains why few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools have been found. In light of this development, collectors should expect the life-size sculptures to decrease in value and the miniatures to increase in value.
收藏家们非常珍视在Kali岛上制造的古代真人尺寸的人类人物泥像，但长期以来一直在绞尽脑汁思考Kali岛上的艺术家何以能用如此逼真的精确性来表现人体。由于考古学家最近在Kali岛上发现了制造人头和人手的模具，我们现在便可以得出结论，即古代Kali岛艺术家是使用真实人体的模具，而不是使用雕刻工具和技术，来创作了这些雕像。这一发现有助于说明Kali岛上的小型雕像为什么显得抽象且风格绝然不同：模具只能用于真人尺寸的雕塑。它也有助于解释为什么考古学家几乎根本没有发现任何古代的Kali雕塑工具。鉴于这一事态的发展，收藏家们可以预料，真人尺寸的雕塑将会贬值，而小型雕像则会升值。Argument 57
The following appeared in a newsletter on nutrition and health. "Although the multimineral Zorba pill was designed as a simple dietary supplement, a study of first-time ulcer patients who took Zorba suggests that Zorba actually helps prevent ulcers. The study showed that only 25
percent of those ulcer patients who took Zorba under a doctor's direction developed new ulcers, compared to a 75 percent recurrence rate among ulcer patients who did not take Zorba. Clearly, then, Zorba will be highly effective in preventing recurrent ulcers and if health experts inform the general public of this fact, many first-time ulcers can be prevented as well.”
下述文字摘自一份有关营养与健康的时事通讯。“虽然含有多种矿物质的Zorba药丸在设计时是作为一种简易的饮食补充物，但对初次患有溃疡但服用了Zorba药丸的病人所作的一次研究表明，Zorba药实际上有助于预防溃疡病。该研究显示，遵照医嘱服用了Zorba药的病人，其中仅有25%的人患上了新的溃疡，相比而言，在那些不服用Zorba药的病人当中，溃疡复发率则高达75％。那么显而易见，Zorba药能非常有效地防止溃疡复发，如果健康专家能将这一事实告知公众，许多首次溃疡的发生也能得到预防。”
Argument 58
The following appeared in an article from a popular newsmagazine. "In 1888 a stone was unearthed in northern Wisconsin with an inscription in an old Scandinavian alphabet and bearing the date 1362. Scandinavians were not, however, exploring or emigrating to northern Wisconsin in the fourteenth century. Recent analysis proves, in fact, that the stone had been buried in the spot where it was found for no more than 100 years. Moreover, the community near the discovery site was home to a group of people who had formed a club to study medieval Scandinavian culture—a period that includes the fourteenth century. The stone, therefore, is not a genuine artifact of medieval Scandinavian culture inscribed in the fourteenth century but most likely a hoax perpetrated by the group.”
下述文字摘自某通俗时事杂志的一篇文章。“1888年，Wisconsin州北部挖出一块石头，上面带有用古老的斯堪的纳维亚字母铭刻的文字，铭文的日期为1362年。但是，14世纪期间，没有斯堪的纳维亚人在Wisconsin州北部进行探险，或移居到那里。事实上，最近的分析证明，那块石头在它被发现的地方埋葬了还不到100年。此外，在发现场地附近的社区聚居着一群人，他们组织了一个俱乐部来研究中世纪斯堪的纳维亚文化——该时期涵盖整个14世纪。因此，该石块不可能是铭刻于14世纪的中世纪斯堪的纳维亚文化的真正人工制品，却最有可能是该俱乐部成员设置的一个骗局。”
Argument 59
The following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper. According to the available medical records, the six worst worldwide flu epidemics during the past 300 years occurred in 1729, 1830, 1918, 1957, 1968, and 1977. These were all years with heavy sunspot activity—that is, years when the Earth received significantly more solar energy than in normal years. People at particular risk for the flu should therefore avoid prolonged exposure to the Sun.”
下述文字摘自某报健康版的某篇文章。“据所能获得的医疗记载来看，过去300年中6次全球规模的最严重的流感发生于1729年，1830年，1918年，1957年，1968年和1977年。所有这些年份出现过大量太阳黑子活动，也就是说，在这些年中地球比在正常年份获得的太阳能远多得多。因此，那些特别易受流感影响的人应避免长时间曝露在太阳底下。”
Argument 60
The following appeared in the health section of Glenntown's local newspaper. "Several national medical studies suggest that older people who have pets tend to enjoy better health than those who do not have pets: those who have pets have lower rates of high blood pressure and arthritis. It seems clear that having to care for an animal promotes good health for the older person. Therefore, Glenntown should establish a program to give a small pet such as a dog or cat to all of its citizens who are over the age of 65. This will help to insure that our senior citizens enjoy good health and have fewer medical bills.”
下述文字摘自Glenntown当地报纸的健康版。“若干项全国性医学研究表明，养宠物的老年人往往比那些不养宠物的老年人享受着更为健康的身体。那些养宠物的人患高血压和关节炎的几率相对较低。情况似乎很明显，对于老年人而言，不得不去照料一头动物可促进身体健康。因此，Glenntown应创立一项计划，向所有65岁以上的公民分发狗和猫这样一些小宠物。这将有助于确保我们的老年公民享受到健康，并减少几笔医疗开支。”
Argument 61
TThe following appeared in a report by the School District of Eyleria. "Nationally, the average ratio of computers to students in kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) is 1:5. Educators indicate that this is very good ratio. This means that across the country, all students have access to and can use computers daily in their classrooms. In Eyleria's K-12 schools, the ratio of computers to students is 1:7. This number is sufficient to ensure that all of Eyleria's students, by the time they graduate from high school, will be fully proficient in the use of computer technology. Thus, there is no reason to spend any of the schools' budget on computers or other technology in the next few years.”
下述文字摘自Eyleria教育区的一份报告。“从全国范围看，从幼儿园到12年级（K—12），电脑与学生的平均比例为1：5。教育学家们表示，这是一种非常恰当的比例。这意味着在整个国家，所有学生每天在教室里都能上机使用电脑。在Eyleria的K—12学校里，电脑与学生之比为1：7。这一数字足以保证，所有Eyleria的学生，当他们高中毕业之际，都将极为熟练地使用电脑技术。因此，在今后的几年中没有理由去将学校的经费化费在电脑和其他技术上。”
Argument 62
The Treasury has once again introduced a dollar coin, the Pine Tree dollar. Neither the Presidential dollar coin, introduced 11 years ago, nor the Eagle dollar coin, introduced 3 years ago, remained in circulation long: people simply preferred spending paper dollars. However, a survey conducted soon after its release indicates that the Pine Tree dollar is far more appealing than other dollar coins: 76 percent of respondents own the coin; 62 percent of those owning multiple coins consider it so attractive that they are still saving rather than spending the most recent coin to come into their possession. Since the Pine Tree coin promises to become the dollar currency of choice, the Treasury is correct to begin saving money by dramatically reducing the costly printing of paper dollars.财政部再次引入了面值为一美元的硬币——松树美元。无论是11年前引入的总统美元硬币，还是3年前引入的鹰美元硬币，都没有长期流通。人们就是喜欢使用纸币的一美元钞。但在松树美元发行之后旋即进行的一项调查却显示，松树美元硬币远比其他美元硬币更具吸引力：76％的受访者拥有这一硬币；在拥有多枚硬币的人当中，有62%的人认为该硬币是如此诱人，以致于他们会将最近获得的硬币存起来而不是花掉。既然松树硬币有望成为人们自择的美元硬币，因此，财政部开始大幅度减少昂贵的纸币美元的印制从而节省费用，这完全是正确的。
Argument 63
When Stanley Park first opened, it was the largest, most heavily used park in town. It is still the largest park, but it is no longer heavily used. Video cameras mounted in the park's parking lots last month revealed the park's drop in popularity: the recordings showed an average of only 50 cars per day. In contrast, tiny Carlton Park in the heart of the business district is visited by more than 150 people on a typical weekday. An obvious difference is that Carlton Park, unlike Stanley Park, provides ample seating. Thus, if Stanley Park is ever to be as popular with our citizens as is Carlton Park, the town will obviously need to provide more benches, thereby converting some of the unused open areas into spaces suitable for socializing.当Stanley公园最初开放时，它是城内最大的、使用最频繁的公园。现在，它依然是最大的公园，但它不再是使用最频繁的公园。上个月装在停车场制高点上的录像机显示出了该公园人气的下降：录像带表明每天平均只有15辆汽车。相反，位于商务区中央的小公园，Carlton公园，却在每个普通的工作日有不止150个人前来游玩。Carlton公园迥然不同于Stanley公园的一个差别在于它提供了充足的座椅。因此，如果Stanley公园真的要像Carlton公园那样深受我们居民们的喜爱，镇政府显然必须提供更多的椅子，从而将某些空置的开阔区域改成适合于社交活动的空间。
Argument 64 The following appeared in a memo from the Dean of the College of Education at Omni State University. "Only seven of our state's high schools offer even one course in Latin, but over 80 percent of the graduates who study Latin at those seven schools enroll in college. Furthermore, a recent study shows that students who have mastered Latin perform much better in logic and critical thinking. Thus, in order to increase the percentage of our high school students who graduate from college as well as to ensure that they receive a better education in critical thinking, Omni State University should begin an intensive program to prepare our future teachers to teach high school Latin.”
下述文字摘自Omni州立大学教育学院院长的备忘录。 “在我州的高中，只有7所学校开设一门拉丁语课程，但在这7所学校学习拉丁语的毕业生中，有80％以上的学生会进入大学。此外，最近的一项调查显示，掌握拉丁语的学生在逻辑与严谨思维上有着远优异的表现。因此，为了提高我们高中学生能从大学顺利毕业的百分比，并为了确保他们能在严谨思维方面获得更好的教育，Omni大学应该开始实施一项强化训练计划，旨在让我们未来的老师作好在高中教拉丁文课程的准备。”
Argument 65
The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States. "For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses.”
下述文字摘自一家分布在全美国的奶酪连锁店总裁的备忘录。 “许多年来，我们这家连锁商号属下的所有商店都采购过许多种类的国产和进口奶酪。但在去年，我们最新一家店最畅销的前五种奶酪全都是来自Wisconsin州的国产切达干酪。此外，由《世界奶酪》杂志进行的一项近期调查显示，订阅该杂志的人当中，越来越多的人喜爱国产奶酪。既然我们的公司能够通过限制存货而减少开支，故在我们所有商店中提高利润的最佳方法是中止采购许多品种的进口奶酪，而将主要精力集中在国产奶酪上。”
Argument 66
The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice to a client. "Homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last year that region experienced 90
days with below-average temperatures, and climate forecasters at Waymarsh University predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. Furthermore, many new homes have been built in this region during the past year. Because of these developments, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil.”
下述文字摘自一封某提供投资建议的公司致一客户的信函。 “在冬季普遍甚为寒冷的美国东北部，房屋传统上都使用油作为他们冬天制热的主要燃料。去年，该地区经历了90个低于平均气温的日日夜夜，而Wanymarsh大学的天气预测人员预测，这一气候模式将持续好几年。此外，该地区去年新造了许多住房。由于这些事态的发展，我们预计取暖用油的需求将会增加，因此我们建议投资者投资给‘统一工业’，它其中一种主要的业务为家庭取暖用油的零售。”
Argument 67
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newspaper serving the villages of Castorville and Polluxton. "Both the villages of Castorville and Polluxton have experienced sharp declines in the numbers of residents who pay property taxes. To save money and improve service, the two villages recently merged their once separate garbage collection departments into a single department located in Castorville, and the new department has reported few complaints about its service. Last year the library in Polluxton had 20 percent fewer users than during the previous year. It follows that we should now further economize and improve service, as we did with garbage collection, by closing the library in Polluxton and using the library in Castorville to serve both villages.”
下述文字摘自一封致其服务面向Castorville和Polluxton两个村庄的某报纸编辑的信函。 “无论是Castorville村还是Polluxton村，支付物业费的居民人数急剧下降。为了节约费用并改善服务，这两个村庄最近将一度各自独立的垃圾清理部门合并为一个部门，总部设立在Castorville村，而这个新部门反映，人们对它的服务几乎没有任何投诉。去年，Poluxton村图书馆的用户人数比前一年减少了20％。因此，顺理成章的是，我们现在应该进一步紧缩开支，提高服务水平，正如我们对垃圾清理所做的那样，关闭Polluxton村的图书馆，转而利用Castorville村的图书馆来为两个村共同提供服务。”
Argument 68
The following appeared in a memo from a budget planner for the City of Grandview. "To avoid a budget deficit next year, the City of Grandview must eliminate its funding for the Grandview Symphony. Our citizens are well aware of the fact that while the Grandview Symphony Orchestra was struggling to succeed, our city government promised annual funding to help support its programs. Last year, however, private contributions to the Symphony increased by 200 percent, and attendance at the Symphony's concerts-in-the-park series doubled. The Symphony has also announced an increase in ticket prices for next year. Such developments indicate that the Symphony can now succeed without funding from city government and we can eliminate that expense from next year's budget. This action will surely prevent a budget deficit.”
下述文字摘自Prunty县某份报纸上的社论。“为了提高公路上的安全性，Prunty县最近在其所有主要县级道路上将车辆的限速标准从每小时55英里降至每小时45英里。但是，每小时55英里的限速标准应予恢复，因为这一安全努力已告失败。大多数驾驶者都在超过这一新的限速标准，Prunty全县的事故率仅有微弱下降。如果我们希望提高我们道路的安全性，我们应另想办法来实施像Butler县5年前完成的那种道路改进工程，即扩大车道宽度，重新浇制高低不平道路的路面。今天，Butler县的主要道路仍然维持着每小时55英里的限速标准，但Butler县过去这一年中有报道的车祸数量要比5年前的减少了25％。”
Argument 69
Yellow-legged frogs were once common in high-altitude lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains, but they have become increasingly rare. Trout feed on tadpoles and young frogs. Few lakes in the Sierra Nevada had any trout in them until a hundred years ago. At that time, many lakes were stocked with trout for recreational fishing, and now trout are common in virtually all bodies of water in the Sierra Nevada. Researchers removed the trout from one lake, and the frog population soon quadrupled. Since frogs are capable of moving several miles over land, removing trout from just a few lakes is clearly the way to restore the frog population to its former levels.
黄腿青蛙在Sierra Nevada山区的高纬度湖泊中曾一度十分普遍，但现在正在变得越来越少。鲑鱼以蝌蚪和幼小青蛙为生。100年前，Sierra Nevada地区的湖泊中几乎没有任何鲑鱼。那时，人们只是在许多湖中放养鲑鱼供娱乐性垂钓，而现在鲑鱼在Sierra Nevada地区的几乎所有水域都甚为常见。研究人员在一个湖中将鲑鱼清除掉，结果青蛙的种群数量立即增加了四倍。由于青蛙能在陆地上迁移数英里，因此，将鲑鱼从少数几个湖泊里清除掉，显然是使青蛙种群数量恢复到它以前水平的最佳途径。
Argument 70
Studies show that in 70 percent of traffic accidents, at least one driver involved is less than 10 miles from home when the accident occurs. This statistic indicates that drivers have a tendency to drive incautiously when they are close to home, probably because familiar surroundings give them a false sense of security. Thus, the places where people feel safest are the places where they are in fact at greatest risk of serious injury."研究表明，在70％的交通事故中，至少有一个涉案司机在事故发生时离家不足10英里。这一数据表明，司机们在驾车时往往会随着离家的距离越近而愈发粗心大意，可能是因为熟稔的环境会给他们以一种虚假的安全感。因此，人们越是觉得最为安全的地方，实际上恰好就是最具严重伤亡风险的地方。
Argument 71
Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.
在自然界中，铜与矿石中的其他矿物和贵金属混合在一起，并且矿石中铜的含量有着千差万别。直到最近，从矿石中提取纯铜的最佳方法是使用一项需要消耗大量电能的工艺，尤其是当矿石中铜含量低的时候。在处理同等数量矿石原料的情况下，尤其是当铜在矿石中的含量很高时，新的采铜工艺可比旧式工艺少用40％的电力。因此，我们可以预期，采铜行业所消耗的电量将会大大减少。
Argument 72
In measuring electrical activity in different parts of the brain, researchers found that people who describe themselves as generally happy have more activity in the left prefrontal lobe of their brains than do other people. Therefore, a medication for stimulating the left prefrontal lobe of the brain would be an effective treatment for clinical depression.
在测量大脑不同部位的电流活动时，研究人员发现，那些将自己描述为一般较快乐的人，他们大脑中左前额叶的活动要比其他人来得频繁。因此，能够刺激大脑左前额叶活动的药物将成为临床忧郁症的有效治疗手段。
Argument 73
The following appeared in a memo from a manager of a car dealership. "Ten years ago, long-term car leasing became available in our country of Mohilia as an alternative to outright car ownership, and leasing has steadily risen in popularity. For each of the last five years, the number of people leasing new cars has surpassed the number buying new cars. The average age of cars driven in Mohilia is six years; hence, if new car leases again outnumber purchases this year, it is likely that the majority of drivers will be driving leased, not individually owned, cars. Therefore, we should change the focus of our business from selling cars to leasing them. "
下述文字摘自一汽车交易经理的备忘录。“10年前，长期汽车租赁在我们Mohilia国开始出现，用以替代完全的汽车所有权，而租赁也持续不断地赢得了人们的欢迎。在过去5年中的每一年，租新车的人数超过了买新车的人数。在Mohilia国街头开的汽车，平均使用年龄仅为6年。因此，如果今年新车的租赁数量超过购买数量，大多数驾车者所驾的车辆很可能是租来的而非个人购买的汽车。因此，我们应该将业务的重点由售车转向租车。”
Argument 74
The following appeared in a newsletter about education policy. "The average annual earnings of high school dropouts are significantly less than the average annual earnings of high school graduates. To address this problem, the state governor has proposed that the state should establish free vocational training programs for high school dropouts. But the availability of such programs would probably encourage some students who would otherwise have graduated to drop out in order to pursue vocational training. Hence the proposed programs would lower, not raise, the average earning potential of young people. Therefore, the state should not establish the vocational training programs but should instead focus on improving academic programs in our high schools.”
下述文字摘自有关教育政策的某份时事通讯。 “高中退学学生的平均年收入远低于高中毕业生。为了解决这一问题，本州州长提议应该为高中退学者设立免费的职业培训计划。但所提供的这些计划有可能使原来可以毕业的学生中途退学，以便能够获得职业培训。因此，拟议中的这些计划会降低而不是提高年轻人的平均收入潜力。因此，本州不应该设立职业培训计划，而应该将注意力集中在改善我们高中学校的学业计划。”
Argument 75
The following appeared in a newsletter about health. "The proportion of children in the United States who are overweight is greater now than ever before. Obesity rates among children have been increasing since the 1970's, and during that same time period, the proportion of children living in suburbs has increased. Whereas children in rural areas tend to have outdoor active chores and children in cities often walk to school or other places they need to go, children in suburbs are typically driven everywhere. Thus the increase in childhood obesity is probably due mainly to the suburbanization of America and the associated decrease in the opportunities children have for exercise.”
下述文字摘自有关健康的一份时事通讯。 “在美国，现在身体超重的孩子的比例比以往任何时候都高。孩子的肥胖率自20世纪70年代以来一直呈上升趋势，而在同期，居住在郊区的孩子数量也在不断上升。农村地区的孩子往往会做一些室外需一定活动量的家务，城里的孩子也经常步行上学或到其它他们必须前往的地方，但只有郊区的孩子普遍坐车到各地去。因此，孩子肥胖现象的增加可能主要是由于美国的郊区化进程，以及孩子们运动机会的相应减少。”
Argument 76
The following appeared as part of an article in a health and beauty magazine. "A group of volunteers participated in a study of consumer responses to the new Luxess face cream. Every morning for a month, they washed their faces with mild soap and then applied Luxess. At the end of that month, most volunteers reported a marked improvement in the way their skin looked and felt. Thus it appears that Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin.”
下述文字摘自某健康与美容杂志的一篇文章。 “一组志愿者参加了一项旨在了解消费者对Luxess新洗面奶反应的研究。在为期一个月的时间中，每天早上，她们先是用柔性香皂清洗脸部，然后再用Luxess洗面奶。月末，大多数志愿者反映她们皮肤的外观与感觉均有显著的改善。因此，可以看出Luxess产品能真正有效地改善肌肤的状况。”
Argument 77
The cities of East Sacunda and West Sacunda are in an earthquake-prone area. Since 1985 both cities have had stringent building codes requiring all new buildings to have specific features designed to prevent damage in an earthquake. Buildings built before 1985 are exempt from the codes, but many building owners have modified their buildings to make them conform to the 1985 codes. Last year a major earthquake hit the area, and many people lost their homes. The number of people who were left homeless was much higher in East Sacunda than in West Sacunda, however, so we can conclude that building owners in East Sacunda were less likely to modify their buildings so as to bring them up to the 1985 code standards.
东Sacunda和西Sacunda两个城市都地处地震易发地带。自1985年以来，这两个城市开始实施严格的建筑规范，要求所有新建房屋都带有某些旨在防止地震破坏的具体要素。1985年之前建造的房屋可免于执行这些规范，但许多大楼主人对其建筑进行了改建，以使其建筑物符合1985年的建筑规范。去年，一场大地震袭击该地区，许多人无家可归。但东Sacunda市无家可归者的人数远高于西Sacunda市，因此我们可以得出以下结论，即东Sacunda市的大楼主人没怎么去改建过他们的建筑物以使它们达到1985年的建筑标准。”
Argument 78
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of an archaeological magazine. "Archaeologists excavated a cave that had been inhabited by prehistoric people for thousands of years. These people hunted wild animals, many of whose bones were found at levels corresponding to different times of habitation. Most of the bones at the oldest levels, over 40,000

years old, were from a deer species whose modern-day descendants are known to prefer woodland habitats, whereas most of the bones at more recent levels, dating from 30,000
to 10,000 years ago, were from a gazelle species whose modern-day descendants are known to prefer grasslands. We can thus conclude that the climate of the area changed dramatically between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago, causing the terrain to change from woodland to grassland.”
下述文字摘自一封致某考古杂志编辑的信函。"考古学家挖掘出了一个被史前时代的人类居住过数千年的洞穴。这些人捕杀野生动物，而许多动物骨头被发现处于与不同栖息时期相对应的年代水平。处在最古老水平（即4万年以上的时间）上的大多数骨头来自一种鹿，这种鹿现代的后代较喜欢丛林栖息地，而处在较为近期水平（追溯至3万年至1万年）上的大多数骨头来自一种瞪羚，它现代的后代则较喜欢草原。我们由此可得出结论，在4万与3万年前之间，该地区的气候出现过急剧的变化，导致地形从丛林变为草原。”
Argument 79
The following appeared in a magazine for the trucking industry. "The Longhaul trucking company was concerned that its annual accident rate (the number of accidents per mile driven) was too high. It granted a significant pay increase to its drivers and increased its training standards. It also put strict limits on the number of hours per week each driver could drive. The following year, its trucks were involved in half the number of accidents as before the changes were implemented. A survey of other trucking companies found that the highest-paid drivers were the least likely to have had an accident. Therefore, trucking companies wishing to reduce their accident rate can do so simply by raising their drivers' pay and limiting the overall number of hours they drive.”
下述文字摘自百货车运输业的一份杂志. “Longhaul货车运输公司曾一度担心，它每年的事故率（每驾驶一英里的事故数量）太高了。于是它同意给其司机大幅度涨工资，并提高了其培训标准。它还严格限制每位司机每周的驾车时间。次年，该公司货车发生事故的数量比执行这些变化之前的年份减少了一半。对其他货运公司所作的一项调查显示，报酬最高的司机最不可能发生交通事故。因此，那些希望减少事故率的货车运输公司只需要提高其司机的工资待遇，限制他们行驶总时间便可达到目的。"Argument 80
The following appeared as an editorial in a health magazine. "Clormium 5 is an odorless, tasteless, and generally harmless industrial by-product that can enter the water supply. A preliminary study has linked cooking with water containing clormium 5 to an increased incidence of allergies and skin rashes. Tests of the drinking water in several areas have revealed the presence of clormium 5. Although it is possible to remove clormium 5 from water, the costs of routine testing and purification are higher than many communities can afford. Therefore, in order to prevent allergies and skin rashes, communities that cannot afford to rid their drinking water of clormium 5 should replace drinking fountains in public buildings, such as schools and libraries, with bottled-water coolers.”
下述文字摘自某健康杂志的社论。 “Clormiun 5是一种无嗅无味、普遍无害的工业副产品，可进入供水。一项初步研究将用含有Clormiun 5的水进行烹饪与过敏及皮疹发病率的上升联系在一起。对某些地区进行的饮用水检测表明存在着Clormiun 5。尽管Clormium 5可从水中除掉，但水的例行检查及纯化所需的成本超出了许多委员会所能支付的能力。因此，为了预防过敏和皮疹，那些无法将Clormiun 5从其饮用水中除掉的社区应将诸如学校和图书馆等公共建筑物内的喷嘴或饮水器用瓶装水冷却器来替代。”
Argument 81
Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system to certain stimuli. One view is that allergies can develop as the result of childhood exposure to certain irritants, such as dust or animal dander, while the immune system is not yet mature. Another view is that exposure to particular bacteria early in childhood actually triggers the proper development of the immune system, and that limiting exposure to these bacteria through excessive hygiene can cause children's immune systems to overreact to certain irritants later on. A new study supports the second view: children who are washed especially frequently and whose parents clean their homes especially frequently are more likely to develop allergies than are other children. So in order to reduce the incidence of allergies in children and adults, parents should not limit children's exposure to irritants or bacteria.
过敏是免疫系统对某些刺激物所作出的过激反应。一种观点认为，过敏之所以会产生，是由于人们在童年时期当免疫系统尚未成熟时曝露于某些刺激物之下，如灰尘或动物毛屑。另一种观点则认为，童年早期接触某些特定的细菌实际上反而能触发免疫系统的正常发育，而过分卫生的条件如果限制了人们接触这些细菌，则可能导致孩子的免疫系统日后对某些刺激物作出过激反应。一项新的研究支持后一种观点：那些过分频繁清洗其身体及其父母过分清扫房屋的孩子，比其他孩子更容易产生过敏。因此，为了减少孩子与成人身上发生过敏，父母应该不要去限制孩子曝露于刺激物与细菌之下.
Argument 82
The following appeared in a letter to an editor。 "In many countries, wood is the primary fuel used for heating and cooking, but wood smoke can cause respiratory and eye problems, and extensive use of wood causes deforestation, a major environmental problem. In contrast, charcoal, made by partially burning wood in a controlled process, is a fuel that creates less smoke than wood does. Moreover, although charcoal costs slightly more than wood, less charcoal is needed to produce the same amount of heat. Therefore, people who use wood as their primary fuel can, without experiencing economic hardship, switch to charcoal and can thereby improve their health and preserve the environment.”
下述文字摘自致某编辑的一封信函。“在许多国家，木材是用于取暖和做饭的主要燃料，但木柴产生的烟却会导致呼吸和眼睛问题，且木材的广泛使用会导致森林砍伐这一重大的环境问题。相反，在一个有控制的过程中通过部分燃烧木材而制成的木炭却是一种不会像木材那样造成大量烟雾的燃料。此外，尽管木炭的成本比木材稍高，但制造同样数量的热量所需消耗的炭却较少。因此，将木材作为主要燃料使用的人们可以在并不体验到经济困难的情况下转而使用木炭，并因此可提高健康水平和保护环境。”
Argument 83
The following appeared in a memo from the business manager of Medicine, Inc., a local drugstore. "Most business analysts for the drugstore industry have stated that even when a nation's economy is weak, drugstores' profits are unlikely to decline appreciably. While consumers might put off some kinds of purchases when the economy is slow, prescription and over-the-counter drug purchases are dictated by consumers' health needs, which are independent of the economy. Therefore, Medicine Inc. is likely to continue to have increasing profits and should plan to open an additional drugstore next year.”
下述文字摘自一家当地药店Medicine药业公司业务经理的一份备忘录。“药店行业的大多数业务分析师已表明，即使一个国家的经济呈疲软状态，药店的利润也不可能显著下降。虽然在经济增长迟缓的情况下消费者会放弃某些购买，但大夫的处方以及药店柜台直接销售的药物购买却是由消费者的健康需要决定的，这一点与经济的好坏无关。因此，Medicine公司有可能继续增加其利润并应该计划在明年再开设一家药店。”
Argument 84
The following appeared in a memo written by the head of the Gorham School。 “Our school cafeteria should make changes in the lunches that it serves in order to improve the health of our students. Several teachers and I have observed that students who eat these meals tend to eat the main course and the dessert, but seldom finish the vegetable portion. This pattern means that students are missing the vital nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables, which are typically rich in vitamins and minerals. Therefore, the school cafeteria should serve larger fruit and vegetable portions along with smaller main course and dessert portions. This change will be effective because, according to research conducted at the Rose Children's Hospital, children eat the same amount of food served to them—about 55 percent, on average—no matter what the main course is.”
下述文字摘自Gorham学校校长撰写的一份备忘录。“为了增强我们学生的健康状况，我校食堂应对其供应的午餐进行改进。我和其他教师观察到，那些在食堂吃午餐的学生只吃主食和甜食，但很少会将蔬菜吃完。这一饮食模式意味着学生们正在失去水果和蔬菜所带来的关键性营养价值，因为蔬菜和水果普遍含有丰富的维他命和矿物质。因此，学校食堂应该供应更多的蔬菜与水果的份额，而减少主食与甜食的份额。 这一改进将行之有效，因为玫瑰儿童医院所作的一份研究表明，无论主食是什么，儿童食用所供应给他们的食物的数量是保持不变的，平均为55％。”
Argument 85
The following appeared in the letter to an editor of a Myrian newspaper. "Under Governor Winslow's leadership over the past four years, Myria has enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. Average wage increases this year are higher than they have been at any time since the 1970's, the number of people who report being unemployed has decreased by 10 percent, and construction of new homes is up by one third. In contrast, over the past four years Governor Winslow's opponent, Mr. Homer, has been mayor of a city in which only a small number of new businesses have opened. If Myrians want another four years like the past four years, they should reelect Governor Winslow.”
下述文字摘自致Myria州某报纸编辑的信函。“过去四年中，在州长Winslow的领导下，Myria州享受到了前所未有的繁荣。今年工资平均涨幅高于自20世纪70年代以来的任何时候。反映失业的人数减少了10％，新住房的建设上升了1/3。与此相反的是，在过去四年中，Winslow州长的政敌Homer先生在某市担任市长，但该市仅有少数几家商家开辟了新业务。如果Myria州的人们期望未来的四年仍能像过去的四年那样，那么，他们就应该让Winslow州长连任。”
Argument 86
The following appeared in a memo from a member of the Clark City School Board. "Mason Elementary School is faced with a shortage of classroom space. At the same time, parents in our district are increasingly expressing the desire to see improvements in their children's reading abilities. Therefore, we should reduce the number of physical education classes at Mason Elementary and convert part of the gymnasium to class-room space. The school will gain the additional space for classrooms without the cost of extending the building and can use the time that students would have spent in physical education classes to provide more reading instruction. This plan will lead to improvements in students' reading skills.”
下述文字摘自Clark市学校董事会某一成员的备忘录。“Mason小学正面临着教室空间紧缺的问题。同时，我区的家长们正日益迫切地表达着想看到他们子女阅读能力得到提高的愿望。因此，我们应该改少Mason小学体育课的数量，将一部分体操馆改造成教室空间。学校就能获得额外的空间用作教室，而不必负担扩建大楼的成本，并可将学生用于体育课的时间用来提供更多的阅读教学。这一计划将导致学生阅读能力的提高。”
Argument 87
The following appeared in a memo to managers of Christine's, a chain of craft stores. "Several major newspapers have recently run articles noting an increased interest in pottery. The number of potters in this country has risen by eighteen percent in the past five years, and pottery is particularly gaining popularity on college campuses. In order to take advantage of these trends, Christine's should immediately begin carrying a larger volume of pottery supplies. Since several of our stores have recently experienced a decrease in sales of painting supplies, all store managers should reallocate shelf space from the painting area for the display of pottery. Stores should display posters showing pottery that is designed to appeal to college-age individuals. These actions will undoubtedly increase our profits dramatically.”
下述文字摘自致一家工艺品连锁店Christine商店经理的备忘录。“最近，有几家大型报纸都刊登文章，指出公众对陶器的兴趣与日俱增。本国的制陶艺人的数量在过去5年中增加了18％，陶器在大学校园尤其受到青睐。为了利用这些潮流趋势，Christine商店应该立刻开始执行一项数量更为庞大的供应计划。由于我们的几家商店最近经历了一次绘画作品供货的销售下降，所有的商店经理应该对绘画区货架上的空间进行重新分配，用来展出陶器。各商店应该挂出招贴画，展出那些旨在吸引大学年龄段人群的陶器。毫无疑问，这些行动将戏剧性地增加我们的利润。”
Argument 88
The following appeared in a newsletter about health published in the country of Sauria. "According to Sauria's leading nutritional experts, a diet high in complex carbohydrates, and low in fat is optimal for good health and longevity. Because this was the diet of the people who lived in ancient Sauria, one would expect them to have had long and healthy lives. Yet the mummified remains of Sauria's ruling classes from two to three thousand years ago show the existence of many medical problems among the ancient Saurians, including dental problems, elevated blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, and early mortality. Clearly, the diet of the ancient Saurians was responsible for these problems. The high incidence of high blood pressure, obesity, and heart disease in Sauria today even among those who have tried low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets further proves that Sauria's leading nutritional experts are wrong.”
下述文字摘自Sauria国出版的有关健康的某份时事通讯。“据Sauria著名的营养专家们说，复杂碳水化合物含量高而脂肪含量低的饮食最有利于身体健康和长寿。由于这是生活在古代Sauria国的人们所采用的饮食，所以我们期望他们享受过长寿而又健康的生命。然而，2000至3000年前Sauria国统治阶层的木乃伊尸体却表明，古代Sauria人中存在着许多医学问题，包括牙齿问题、高血压、肥胖、心脏病及夭折等。显然，古Sauria人的饮食造成了所有这些问题。即使在今日的Sauria国尝试过碳水化合物含量高而脂肪含量低的人当中，高血压症、肥胖症及心脏病的高发率进一步证明，Sauria国的那几位著名营养专家的观点是错误的。”
Argument 89
The following appeared in a newspaper published in the state of Celera. "Speed limits on our state's highways should be eliminated in order to increase our state's prosperity. Because greater speed means more efficient travel, commercial deliveries will be faster, increasing business profits. Elimination of speed limits will also make driving more attractive to motorists, so that more people will use the highways, providing more highway toll revenues for the state. At the same time, safety on our highways will not be affected: daytime speed limits were eliminated last year in the western states of our country, and no significant increase in the number of accidents in these states has been reported.”
下述文字摘自Celera州出版的一份报纸。“本州公路上的车速限制应该被废除，以便增强本州的经济繁荣。由于更高的车速意味着更迅捷的通行，故商业投递将会更快，大大提高商业利润。废除车速限制也将使驾驶汽车对司机来说变得更具吸引力，因此会有更多的人去使用公路，从而为本州提高更多的公路收费收益。同时，我们公路上的安全将不会受到影响。去年，我国西部诸州废除了白昼的车速限制，据报道，这些州中也没有出现任何大幅度的事故数量的增加。”
Argument 90
The following appeared in an editorial on health problems in the country of Corpora. "Some pharmacies now feature ultrasound machines that screen for an elevated risk of stroke. For a fee, a technician presses a probe against the neck to determine whether any plaque has thickened the walls of the main artery leading to the brain. Researchers have shown that a thickening of artery walls is associated with elevated stroke risk, and such scans typically find that anywhere from 5
to 20 percent of clients have detectable plaque. All pharmacies should offer this service, because early detection of increased risk for stroke will encourage clients to consult with their doctors and make important life-style changes to reduce their risk of having a stroke. This in turn will cause a decrease in overall medical costs in Corpora.”
下述文字摘自Corpora国有关健康问题的某篇社论。“某些药房现在拥有一些超声波机器作为其特色，这些机器可用于检查患者是否存在很高的中风风险。在收取检查费后，技术人员将一探头压于患者脖子上，来判定是否任何血小板已致使连接大脑的主动脉壁变厚。研究人员已证明，动脉壁的变厚与中风风险的增加相关，此类扫描普遍发现，在病人的5％至20％这一范围内，任何比例的病人都有易于查到的血小板，所有药房均应提供这种服务，因为早日检查出中风风险的增加将会鼓励病人向大夫进行咨询，并作出重大的生活方式的改变，来减少他们中风的风险。这反过来会导致Corpora全国总体医疗成本的降低。”
Argument 91
The following appeared in an article in Supplements Today. "Dieticians have long known that professional athletes who eat a lot of nuts have higher levels of endurance than those who do not. Researchers have recently discovered that the particular combination of vitamin N and fiber found in some nuts provides a boost for those who participate in strenuous physical activities daily. Both vitamin N and fiber supplements are easily synthesized and widely available. As a result, all those who participate in athletic activities will be able to increase their endurance and win more games by taking vitamin N along with a fiber supplement.”
下述文字摘自《今日副刊》的一篇文章。“饮食专家们很早就了解到，吃很多坚果的职业运动员比不吃坚果的人有着更高程度的耐力。研究人员们最近发现，维他命N与某些坚果中所能发现的纤维的某种特殊结合可为那些每日都要参加高强度生理活动的人提供帮助。无论是维他命N还是纤维补充物均很容易进行合成，并广泛地易于获得。如此一来，所有参加体育活动的人，只要连同某种纤维补充物一起服用维他命N，就能提高他们的耐力，并赢得更多的比赛。”
Argument 92
The following is a recommendation from the human resources department at Techforce Computer Company. "Many working parents report that problems related to their childcare arrangements are a major reason for absenteeism from their jobs. Bridgewell Corporation, a tele-communications company, implemented an on-site childcare program and after one year, the company reported that unscheduled absences had declined by 25 percent. Since Techforce has had an increase in unscheduled employee absences over the past year, we should therefore implement our own on-site childcare program. The program will undoubtedly reduce our unscheduled employee absences, resulting in significantly increased productivity.”
下述文字摘自Techforce计算机公司人力资源部的建议书。“许多职业父母们反映，与他（她）们儿童保育安排相关的诸多问题是他们旷工的主要原因。Bridgewell公司，作为一家电信公司，推行了一项现场儿童保育计划，一年之后，该公司称，缺席和旷工现象减少了25％。既然Techforce在过去的一年中缺席和旷工现象日趋上升，我们就应该执行我们自己的现场儿童保育计划。这一计划将毫无疑问减少我们员工的缺席和旷工现象，并大幅度提高生产率。”
Argument 93
The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a large, highly diversified company.. "Ten years ago our company had two new regional office buildings built in two different regions. The buildings were erected by two different construction companies—Alpha and Zeta. Even though the two buildings had virtually identical floor plans, the building constructed by Zeta cost 30 percent more to build, and its expenses for maintenance last year were twice those of the building constructed by Alpha. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the Zeta building has been higher than that of the Alpha building every year since its construction. Such data, plus the fact that Alpha has a stable workforce with little employee turnover, indicate that we should use Alpha Construction Company, rather than Zeta, for all future building projects.”
下述文字摘自某大型高度多元化经营的公司副总裁的备忘录。“10年前，我们公司在两个不同的地区建造了两幢新的地方办公楼。这两幢大楼是由两家不同的建筑公司建造的——Alpha公司以及Zeta公司。虽然两幢大楼的平面图几乎完全一样，但Zeta公司所造大楼的费用要高出30％，并且它去年的维修费要比Alpha的高出二倍。此外，自其竣工以来，Zeta公司所造大楼每年的能源消耗也高于Alpha公司所造的大楼。这些数据，加诸这样一个事实，即Alpha公司拥有一支稳定的劳动力队伍，很少发生员工更替，一切都表明我们应该使用Alpha建筑公司而不是Zeta建筑公司来进行所有未来的大楼建造计划。”
Argument 94
The following appeared in a memo from the president of Bower Builders, a company that constructs new homes. "A nationwide survey reveals that the two most desired home features are a bathroom with a whirlpool tub and a large kitchen. Homes in a nearby development built by our competitor, Domus Construction, have whirlpool tubs and have sold much faster and at significantly higher prices than the average. To increase our sales and profits, we should include whirlpool tubs and larger kitchens as standard features in all our new homes. Since our recent buyers have voiced no complaints about small yards, we can also increase profits by decreasing the size of our yards.”
下述文字摘自Bower Builders公司——一家建造新住房的公司——总裁的备忘录。“一项全国性的调查表明，人们最期望的两大住房特点是带有旋涡浴缸的與洗室和宽敞的厨房。由我们的竞争对手Domus建筑公司在附近的一项房地产开发项目中建造的住房装有旋涡浴缸，使房屋售出的速度更快，平均售价大幅度上升。为了增加我们的销售和利润，我们应该在我们所有新建住房里包含旋涡浴缸和厨房这些标准要素。既然我们最近的买家对较大面积的小庭院没有提出过任何怨言，我们也可以通过减少住房庭院的面积而来增加利润。”
Argument 95
The following appeared in a memo from a budget planner in Sophia County. "Census data indicate that the number of retired couples without children who are moving into Sophia County is steadily rising; private schools in our county report substantial increases in enrollment; and a statewide survey of parents shows that over 10 percent now support the idea of home schooling instead of public schooling funded by the county government. Such demographic trends suggest that our county will not have to construct new school buildings and that we can therefore decrease the budget for county-funded public schools.”
下述文字摘自Sophia县预算规划人员的备忘录。“人口统计数据表明，移居到Sophia县的不带子女的退休夫妇的数量正稳定上升。我县的私立学校反映，学生报名入学的数量大幅度增加。对家长们所作的一项全州性调查显示，10％以上的家长现在支持家庭教育这一理念，而非由县政府资助的公立教育。这样的人口统计学趋势表明，我县没有必要去建造新的教学大楼，因此我们就能减少由县政府资助的公立教育的预算经费。”
Argument 96
The following appeared in a magazine focusing on health and fitness. "A recent study of several nutritional supplements showed that subjects who took a daily pill containing luceen had significantly better vision of distant objects than subjects in the study who took other nutritional supplements. Luceen appears naturally in a tasty fruit that grows on the island of Bonopia, and very few inhabitants of that island wear eyeglasses or other corrective lenses. Such evidence suggests that people who develop vision problems should take regular luceen supplements.”
下述文字摘自某健康与健美杂志The following appeared in a memo from the manager of television station KICK.。“最近一项对某些营养补充物所作的研究显示，每日服用一粒含有Luceen的药丸的受试者，其观看远处物体的视力要比该项研究中服用其他营养补充物的受试者的视力远好得多。Luceen是一种天然物质，存在于Bonopia岛上种植的一种十分好吃的水果，该岛居民中几乎没有任何人戴眼镜或其他视力校正装置。这些证据表明，患有视力问题的人们应该定期服用Luceen补充物。”
Argument 97
The following appeared in a memo from the manager of television station KICK. "A nationwide survey reveals that a sizeable majority of men would like to see additional sports programs on television. After television station WACK increased its sports broadcasts, its share of the television audience in its viewing area almost doubled. To gain a larger audience share in our area, and thus increase company profits, KICK should also revise its broadcast schedule to include more sports coverage.”
下述文字摘自KICK电视台经理的备忘录.“一项全国性调查显示，一个规模甚为庞大的多数男性观众希望在电视上观赏到更多的体育节目。当WACK电视台增加了其体育节目的播出数量后，它所在的收视区域内电视观众的收视率几乎翻了一倍。为了在我们地区获得更大的观众份额，并因此提高公司的盈利水平，KICK电视台应该修改其播出日程表，增加体育节目的报道。”
Argument 98
The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals. "In a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated solution of Nadasept killed 40 percent more bacteria than the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During a subsequent test of Nadasept at our hospital in Saluda, that hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply Nadasept at all hand washing stations throughout our hospital system.”
下述文字摘自一家庞大的医院集团的主任的备忘录。“在一项有关液体抗菌洗手皂的实验室研究中，Nadasept浓缩液所杀死的细菌要比我们各大医院目前所使用的洗手皂高出40％。随后在我们位于Saluda市的医院进行的一次对Nadasept所作的检测中，该医院反映，病人受感染的个案远少于我们集团的任何其他一家医院。因此，为了防止严重的病人感染，我们应该在我们整个医院系统内的所有洗手站供应Nadasept液体洗手皂。”
Argument 99
The following appeared in a memo from the economic minister of the small country Paucia. "Using a newly developed variety of seed, farmers in our neighboring country Abundia produced 80 percent more rice last year than in any previous year. To increase the income of farmers in our own country, we should encourage them to cultivate this new variety of rice rather than some of their traditional crops. Such high yields of rice will also improve our country's balance of trade by enabling us to begin exporting it.”
下述文字摘自小国Paucia经济部长的备忘录。“由于采用了一种新研发的种籽品种，我们邻国Abundia的农民去年所生产的水稻要比以往任何一年中的产量超出80％。为了提高我国农民的收入，我们应该鼓励他们去种植这一新品种的水稻而不是去种植他们的某些传统作物。如此高的水稻产量也能改善我国的贸易平衡，因为我们可以开始出口大米。”
Argument 100
The following appeared in a memo from the chief operating officer of the Presto Manufacturing Company. "Since orders for our major product increased by over 200 percent last quarter, we should promptly expand production by building a new manufacturing plant in Summit City. Summit City is the ideal location for the new plant because it has low property taxes, extensive blocks of land available for immediate purchase, and a large number of residents who are not currently employed.”
下述文字摘自Presto制造公司总运行官的备忘录。“由于我们主打产品的定单上季度增加了200％，我们应该迅速进行扩大再生产，在Summit市建造一座新的制造厂。Summit市是建造这家新制造厂的最佳地点，因为它的财产税较低，有大片土地可供即刻购买，并存在为数众多的目前尚未受雇用的居民。”
Argument 101
The following appeared in a memo from the president of a company that makes breakfast cereals. "In a recent study, subjects who ate soybeans at least five times per week had significantly lower cholesterol levels than subjects who ate no soy products. By fortifying our Wheat-O cereal with soy protein, we can increase sales by appealing to additional consumers who are concerned about their health. This new version of Wheat-O should increase company profits and, at the same time, improve the health of our customers.”
下述文字摘自某家生产早餐谷类食品的公司总裁的备忘录。“在最近的一份研究中，每周至少吃五次大豆的受试者，其胆固醇含量远低于那些不吃任何大豆产品的受试者。通过用大豆蛋白质来增强我们的Wheat－O早餐食品，我们就可以通过吸引那些关注其健康的额外顾客来提高销售量。这种Wheat-O新产品可望提高公司利润并同时改善我们顾客的健康水平。”
Argument 102
The following appeared in a letter from the mayor of Tudor City. "After a major airline chose Yorkville as its regional flight hub, the number of businesses in that city almost doubled and local tax revenue increased by 50 percent. In addition, as travel to Yorkville became easier, most respondents to a survey of the country's top executives identified Yorkville as a desirable place to transact business. To secure efficient transportation for Tudor City and stimulate our local economy, we should build a new airport, like the one in Yorkville, that is suitable for a regional flight hub.”
下述文字摘自Tudor市长的一封信函。“在一家大航空公司选择Yorkville市作为其地方性航班枢纽之后，该城市的商业量几乎翻了一倍，当地的税收收益也增加了50％。此外，随着去往Yorkville市的飞行变得更为容易，最近对我国高层行政总裁所作的一项调查的大多数受访者表示，有意将Yorkville市作为进行商业交易的一个可取场所。为了给Tudor市带来顺畅的运输并刺激我们当地的经济，我们应该建设一个新机场，一个像Yorkville市那样的机场，能适合于作为一个地方性航班枢纽。”
Argument 103
Blue City Highway had always been notorious for its tight curves and poor roadway visibility, and the accident rate there was generally very high. Last year the highway was redesigned to broaden the curves and improve roadway visibility. Drivers report that they now feel much safer driving on the highway and that the redesign has been a big improvement. But the number of accidents on the highway has not been significantly lower in the six months since the redesign than it was in the six months before the redesign. Therefore, the redesign clearly did not improve the curves and roadway visibility enough to make a difference.蓝色城市公路一直以其急转弯和低下的路面能见度而臭名昭著，那里的事故发生率普遍很高。去年，该公路重新设计拓宽了弯道，并提高了路面能见度。司机们反映，他们现在在该公路上开车感觉安全多了，这项重新设计确实是一项重大的改进。但是，重新设计以来的6个月中，较之于重新设计前的6个月中，该公路上的事故发生率并没有出现显著的下降。因此，这项新设计显然没能改进弯道状况和路面能见度，不足以带来重大的改观。
Argument 104
One kind of brain-scanning device is used by doctors to monitor normal as well as abnormal activity in a patient's brain. The device provides precise measurements of blood flow in the brain, a known indicator of how the brain is working. Unfortunately, the device requires patients to remain completely still with their heads in the scanning machine, which makes a very loud noise. Under these uncomfortable conditions, it is doubtful that doctors can get accurate measurements. A new head-mounted device that measures eye movements rather than blood flow and allows patients to move around will undoubtedly provide better brain measurements. Thus, the new head-mounted device should replace the older device at all hospitals and research institutions.
有一种大脑扫描装置被大夫用来监视病人大脑中正常与非正常的活动。该装置能提供有关大脑中血流情况的精确测量，而血流则是一种已知的示踪物，可反映出大脑是如何工作的。不幸的是，该装置要求病人保持绝对的静止，将头置于发生巨大噪声的扫描器中。在这些令人不适的状况下，大夫们能够获得精确的测量是令人怀疑的。一种新的安放在头上的可测量眼睛移动而非血液流动并可允许病人到处活动的装置，无疑将提供更好的大脑测量。因此，这种新型的、安放在头部的装置应该在所有的医院和研究机构替代老式装置。
Argument 105
The following appeared in a health newsletter. "According to a recent study, people with many social ties report catching colds less often than do people with few social ties. Consequently, researchers conclude that having an active social life probably helps strengthen the immune system. The researchers note that catching a cold—one of a family of highly contagious viruses—gives the cold-sufferer temporary immunity to that virus in the future, but not to the many other related viruses. Merely being exposed to a new cold virus, however, is not enough for a person to catch a cold, since a strong immune system can successfully fight off some new viruses. Thus, in order to prevent catching a cold, people should strengthen their immune systems by becoming more active socially.”
下述文字摘自一份健康时事通讯。“依照一项近期的研究，拥有很多社会关系的人们反映，他们和那些社会关系不多的人相比，不会那么频繁地患上感冒。因此，研究人员得出结论认为，进行一种积极的社会生活可能有助于增强其免疫系统的功能。研究者们指出，患上感冒——极具传染性的病毒中的一种——使感冒患者具备了在未来针对该病毒的短暂免疫力，但对其他许多相关的病毒则不具免疫力。但是，纯粹受到一种新的感冒病毒的影响不足以使一个人患上感冒，因为一个强健的免疫系统能够成功抵御某些新病毒。因此，为了预防感冒，人们应该参与更多的社会活动，从而来增强他们的免疫系统。”
Argument 106
The following editorial appeared in a newspaper in the country of Solaria. "The Eliot Valley region was primarily agricultural twenty years ago. In the past twenty years, however, many computer-chip manufacturers have opened factories there. A recent study found that water pollution in the region was worse than in any other region in the country. Moreover, the computer-chip factories, which use large quantities of water to manufacture the chips, are probably responsible for the low levels of water in the region's lakes and reservoirs. Therefore, if the region's computer-chip makers had limits placed on the amount of water they could use, water quality would improve.”
下述论述摘自Solaria国的某份报纸。“20年前，Eliot流域一带主要是农业性质的。但在过去的20年中，许多电脑芯片制造厂商已在那里开办工厂。最近的一项研究发现，该地区的水污染要糟糕于该国的其他任何地区。此外，电脑芯片厂，由于在制造芯片过程中需要消耗大量的水，可能造成了该地区湖泊和水库的水位下降。因此，如果本地区的电脑芯片制造商们被限制用水，水质无疑能得到提高。”
Argument 107
The following appeared in an editorial in the Seatown newspaper. "Seatown has a large port exclusively for fishing boats, whose owners pay fees for the upkeep of the docks and for facilities for cleaning engines and repairing nets. In recent years, declining fish populations have decreased fishing revenue and forced many owners to stop fishing altogether. As a result, the port has a high vacancy rate and port managers are considering allowing pleasure boats, including cruise ships and other large vessels, to use the port in order to increase revenue. But allowing pleasure boats into the port would be a mistake, because the fishing boats would be forced out of the port. We should preserve the port for the fishing fleet, which, unlike pleasure boats, contributes to the prosperity of Seatown. "
下述文字摘自海城报纸上的一篇社论。“海城拥有一个专门用来停泊渔船的大港口，渔船主人支付费用来维持码头的运行，购买用以清洗机器和补网的设备。近年来，鱼类数量的减少已降低了渔业的收益，迫使许多渔船主人彻底停止了捕鱼。这样一来，港口的空置率很高，港口经营者们正在考虑让游船，包括游艇和其他大型船只使用港口，以便提高收益。但允许游船进入港口将会是个错误，因为渔船会被迫撤出港口。我们应该将港口留给渔船船队，因为它与游船不同，可促进海城的繁荣。”
Argument 108
The following appeared in a Brenton newspaper. "The Brenton power plant draws water from Scott's River for its cooling system and releases the warmed water back into the river. The town council recommends that the plant install a more efficient cooling system that uses less water, claiming it will be more environmentally sound. However, in Uptown, where the new system is used, a study found that the complex network of pipes in the new system tends to accumulate algae. The build up of algae can be avoided by scrubbing the pipes, which is costly, or by adding an herbicide to the water in the pipes to prevent algae accumulation. But water containing the herbicide cannot be released back into the river and it is known that low water levels can harm river ecosystems accustomed to higher levels. Therefore, Brenton power plant should continue to use the old cooling system exclusively.”
下述文字摘自某份Brenton报纸。“Brenton发电厂从Scott河汲水用于其冷却系统，并将受热的水重新排入河内。市政厅建议该发电厂安装一个更加有效并可减少用水的冷却系统，声称这一系统将更为环保。但是，在已使用了这套新系统的Uptown市，一项研究发现，新系统中复杂的管道网往往会造成水藻的积累。水藻的积聚可通过擦洗管道而得以避免，当然这样做成本昂贵，也可以在管道的水中添加一种杀虫剂而预防水藻的积累。但含有杀虫剂的水不能被重新排入河中，并且，众所周知，水位的下降会损害习惯于高水位的生态系统。因此，Brenton发电厂应该继续只使用旧的冷却系统。”
Argument 109
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Maple City newspaper. "Twenty years ago Pine City established strict laws designed to limit the number of new buildings that could be constructed in the city. Since that time the average housing prices in Pine City have increased considerably. Chestnut City, which is about the same size as Pine City, has over the past twenty years experienced an increase in average housing prices similar to Pine City, but Chestnut City never established any laws that limit new building construction. So it is clear that laws limiting new construction have no effect on average housing prices. So if Maple City were to establish strict laws that limit new building construction, these laws will have no effect on average housing prices.”
下述文字摘自致《Maple市报》编辑的一封信函。“20年前，Pine市建立了严格的法律，旨在限制可在市内建造的新建筑物的数量。自那时起，Pine市内住房的平均售价已大幅上升。与Pine市的规模大致相同的Chestnut市在过去的20年中经历了与Pine市相似的平均房价的上升，但Chestnut市从没有制定过新建筑物建造的任何法律。因此，显而易见，限制新住房建设的法律对住房的平均售价丝毫没有影响。因此，如果Maple市果真要制定严格的法律来限制新住宅的建设，这些法律将不会对住房的平均售价产生任何的影响。。”
Argument 110
The following appeared in a memo from the Principal of Sherwood Junior High School. "It appears that the lighting in Sherwood High's classrooms, which have large windows but minimal overhead light sources, is impairing student academic performance and teacher morale. Records show that during December and January, the two months with the fewest hours of daylight, attendance rates fall, average daily class participation drops, and grades decline. Teacher resignations are also highest during these months. According to a study of Tundra Vocational School, which experiences entire seasons with little daylight, students' grade point averages increased when Day Glow light bulbs, which mimic sunlight, were installed in classrooms. This study suggests that Sherwood can improve students' academic performance and teachers' morale by using Day Glow light bulbs in winter.”
下述文字摘自Sherwood初中校长的一份备忘录。“看来，Sherwood中学的教室照明正在损害学生的学业表现和教员的士气。这些教室设有大窗户，但天花板上仅有微不足道的光源。记录表明，在12月和1月这两个白天光照时间最短的月份中，上课出勤率就会下降，课程的日平均参与程度下降，学习成绩也下降。教员的辞职也在这两个月份达到最高的程度。按照Tundra职业学校（该学校会经历整个季节几乎没有白昼阳光的情况）所作的一项研究，学生的绩点（GPA）随着教室里安装了能模仿阳光的白昼光灯泡而提高。这项研究表明，Sherwood中学通过在冬天使用白昼光灯泡，就能提高学生的学业表现和教员的士气。”
Argument 111
The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at Dura-Sock, Inc. "A recent study of Dura-Sock wearers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends on its patented "Endure” manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks are strong enough to last for two years. Dura-Sock has always advertised its use of the "Endure” process, but the new study shows that the average Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months. Furthermore, Dura-Sock customers surveyed in our largest market, northeastern United States cities, say that they most value Dura-Sock's stylish appearance and availability in many colors. These findings suggest that Dura-Sock can increase its profits by discontinuing its use of the "Endure” manufacturing process.”
下述文字摘自Dura-Sock公司营销副总裁的一份备忘录。“一项对穿戴Dura-Sock公司产品的用户最近所作的研究表明，我们公司花在它拥有专利的‘耐穿’制造工艺上的钱纯属浪费。这项专利可保证我们生产的袜子牢固得足以耐穿两年之久。Dura-Sock公司在广告中一直宣传它采用了‘耐穿’工艺，但该项新研究表明，Dura-Sock产品的普通购买者实际上每三个月就要新购买Dura-Sock的产品。此外，在美国东北部城市我们最大的市场中所调查的顾客，他们均反映，他们最喜欢Dura-Sock产品那种款式新颖的外观以及丰富的颜色。这些调查发现表明，Dura-Sock公司即使停止使用其‘耐穿’制造工艺，也能增加其利润。”
Argument 112
The following proposal was raised at a meeting of the Franklin City 。 "Franklin Airport, which is on a bay, is notorious for flight delays. The airport management wants to build new runways to increase capacity but can only do so by filling in 900 acres of the bay. The Bay Coalition organization objects that filling in the bay will disrupt tidal patterns and harm wildlife. But the airport says that if it is permitted to build its new runways, it will fund the restoration of 1,000 acres of wetlands in areas of the bay that have previously been damaged by industrialization. This plan should be adopted, for it is necessary to reduce the flight delays, and the wetlands restoration part of the plan ensures that the bay's environment will actually be helped rather than hurt.”
Council下述建议是在Franklin市政委员会的会议上提出的."位于港湾上的Franklin机场以航班延误而臭名昭著。机场管理层打算建造一条新的跑道来提高空运能力，但要做到这一点，必须填埋900英亩的港湾面积。港湾联盟组织对此持反对态度，认为填埋港湾将会扰乱潮汐模式，危及到野生生命。但机场说，如果它被允许去建造新跑道，它将资助港湾地区此前被工业化所破坏的1000英亩湿地的恢复。这一计划应被采纳，因为它对于减少航班延误来说是十分必要的，并且该计划中的湿地恢复项目可确保港湾的环境将在实际上获益而非受损。"Argument 113
The following was published by a consumer protection agency. "Three years ago, So-Low launched a nationwide ad campaign, focusing heavily on sunny regions and distributing free sunglasses there. But although So-Low sunglasses cost less than higher-priced brands, they block a smaller proportion of the Sun's rays, including the type of rays known to damage the eyes even when the person wearing the sunglasses feels no discomfort. A recent study suggests that So-Low sunglasses can actually increase the risk of damage to people's eyes by creating a false sense of security. The study shows a sharp increase in the incidence of vision problems in the sunny regions over the past three years. These findings suggest that anyone concerned about eye damage from the Sun should avoid So-Low brand and instead either pay for higher-priced brands or wear no sunglasses at all.”
下述文字摘自某消费者保护机构出版的某份材料."三年前，So-Low品牌展开了一场全国性的广告战，广告的焦点集中在日照强烈的地区，并在那些地方免费发放太阳镜。但是，虽然So-Low品牌的太阳镜售价低于价位较高的品牌，它们只能阻隔较少的一部分阳光，包括有一类已知的光线，这种光线即使戴太阳镜的人感觉不到任何不适，也会危害眼睛。最近的一项研究表明，So-Low品牌的太阳镜实际上会增加人们眼睛受损的风险，因为它会制造一种虚假的安全感。该项研究显示，在过去的三年中，那些日照强烈的地区视力问题的发病率显著上升。这些研究结果表明，任何人如果关心太阳对眼睛造成的伤害的话，就应该避免购买So-Low牌的太阳镜，相反，应该去购买售价较高的那些品牌，或者根本不戴任何的太阳镜。"Argument 114
A recently completed study shows that people dwelling in stairs-only apartment buildings (that is, buildings without elevators) live an average of three years longer than do people who live in buildings with both elevators and stairs. A second study shows that elderly residents of buildings with elevators make, on average, twice as many visits to doctors each year as do elderly residents of buildings without elevators. These findings suggest that even a very moderate amount of daily exercise, such as that required to use the stairs leading to and from one's apartment, can increase people's health and longevity. The findings also suggest that new apartment buildings should be constructed with as few elevators as possible.
“一项近期完成的研究显示，那些居住在仅有楼梯的公寓大楼（即没有电梯的大楼）的人们，其平均奉命要比那些居住在既有楼梯又有电梯的大楼里的居民高出三年。第二项研究显示，带有电梯的大楼的老年居民，每年看大夫的次数要比没有电梯的大楼的居民高出二倍。这些研究发现表明，即使是数量适中的日常锻炼，诸如要求使用楼梯离开住处和返回住处的行走，也能提高人们的健康和寿命。这些研究也表明，新公寓大楼在建造时应尽可能少地安装电梯。”
Argument 115
The following appeared in a clothing industry trade journal in the country of Sartoria. "A popular fashion magazine recently conducted a survey of consumers' opinions about clothing prices, using prepaid mailing envelopes. Eighty-nine percent of the approximately 20,000 respondnts reported that they were either "dissatisfied” or "very dissatisfied” with current clothing prices. The large number of responses indicates that the Sartorian clothing industry is at risk. Given the survey results, clothing manufacturers must find a way to reduce prices in order to keep their existing customers and maintain their businesses.”
下述文字摘自Sartoria国的某服装行业的贸易杂志。 “一家通俗时尚杂志最近使用预付邮资的信封，就服装价格对消费者的看法进行了调查。在近20，000名受访者中，89％的人反映他们对目前的服装价格‘不满’或‘非常不满’。如此众多数量的回答表明，Sartoria国家的服装行业正面临着风险。鉴于这些调查结果，服装制造商们必须找到一个方法来降低价格，以便能保持现有的客户，并维持其业务运转。”
Argument 116
The following appeared in a memo from Grocery Town's regional manager. "The new Grocery Town store in Elm City, located near a new residential development, has a 'high-low' pricing policy where average prices are relatively high, but deep discounts are offered on some items in weekly specials. This store has been showing increased profits every month as the nearby residential development gets closer to full capacity. It follows that people prefer a pricing policy where they can find bargains on specific items. Since there is a new residential development planned in Oak City, we should change the pricing policy at all of our Oak City stores from our current 'everyday low prices' policy to a 'high-low' policy. This will increase the profits at all of our stores in Oak City.”
下述文字摘自Grocery Town地区经理备忘录。 “Elm市内新开设的Grocery Town商店位于一个新住宅开发小区附近，它实施一种‘先高后低’的定价政策，平均价格相对很高，但每周特卖的某些商品实行大额减价。随着附近的这家住宅开发小区接近全部入住，这家商店每月的盈利呈不断上升的态势。据此可以得出结论，人们所喜欢的定价政策，应让人们在某些特定商品上能享受减价优惠。由于Oak市正在规划一个新的住宅开发小区，我们应该在我们Oak市的全部商店内改变定价政策，将我们目前实施的‘每日低价’政策改为‘先高后低’的政策。这将提高我们在Oak市所有商店的利润。”
Argument 117
The following is a memo from the business manager of Valu-Mart stores. "Over 70 percent of the respondents to a recent survey reported that they are required to take more work home with them from the workplace than they were in the past. Since Valu-Mart has not seen impressive sales in its office-supply departments in the past, we should take advantage of this work-at-home trend by increasing at all Valu-Mart stores the stock of home office machines such as printers, small copy machines, paper shredders, and fax machines. We will also increase stock of office supplies such as paper, pens, and staplers. With these changes, our office-supply departments will become the most profitable component of our stores.”
下述文字摘自Valu-Mart商店业务经理的备忘录。 “一项近期调查的70％以上的受访者反映，他们现在被要求从工作单位带回家去完成的工作量要比过去多。由于Valu-Mart商店的办公用品供应部在过去从未有过可观的销售表现，我们应该充分利用这一家庭办公的潮流，在所有Valu-Mart商店里增加家庭办公设备的进货，如打印机、小型复印机、碎纸机以及传真机。我们也应该增加办公用品供应的进货，如纸、笔和订书机等。凭藉这些改变，我们的办公用品供应部将成为我们商店利润最丰厚的部门。”
Argument 118
The following appeared in a newsletter from a national astronomy association. "Various sources are predicting higher-than-average temperatures across the country next winter, including in Sun City, the traditional location of our yearly winter conference. Higher winter temperatures are sure to result in higher-than-usual tourism in Sun City, a location already known for its attractive beaches and good weather. Hotels will have fewer rooms available, transportation will be more difficult to reserve, and public places such as parks and restaurants will be more crowded. These conditions are likely to significantly reduce attendance at the conference. We should therefore move our conference to a city less popular with winter tourists.”
下述文字摘自全国天文协会的时事通讯。“各种资料来源都在预测，明年冬季全国各地将会出现高于平均水平的气温，包括作为我们冬季年会传统地点的太阳城。较高的冬季气温无疑会导致太阳城非同寻常的旅游热潮，因为太阳城早已以其引人入胜的海滩和良好的气候而著称。旅馆中能入住的房间将会数量减少，交通也将更加难以预订，像公园和餐馆等公共场所也将更加拥挤。这些状况都有可能大幅度减少我们学术会议的出席率。因此，我们应该将年会移至一个冬季旅游者较少光顾的城市。”
Argument 119
The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times. "Traffic problems here in Waymarsh are obviously reaching record levels. While just three months ago it would take me 15 minutes to get to work, it now takes closer to 25. Waymarsh should follow the example of our neighboring city Gearsville. Last year, Gearsville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work with coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Gearsville have dropped since the policy was implemented, and several friends who live in Gearsville tell me that their trip to work is quicker than it used to be. With the terrible traffic and high pollution in Waymarsh, we must implement a policy similar to Gearsville's.”
下述文字摘自一封致《Waymarsh时代》编辑的信函。"Waymarsh市这里的交通问题正明显趋近历史最高水平。就在3个月前，我路上只需花15分钟就能到单位上班，但现在却要花将近25分钟的时间。Waymarsh应该学习邻市Gearsville的榜样。Gearsville市实施了一项政策，用免费汽油票奖励那些搭车上班的人。自该政策实施以来，Gearville市的污染程度已经下降，我的几个居住在Gearsville市的朋友告诉我，他们上班所花的时间要比过去短。考虑到Waymarsh市可怕的交通和污染问题，我们必须实施一种与Gearville市相似的政策。"Argument 120
The following appeared in a health newsletter. "A ten-year nationwide study of the effectiveness of wearing a helmet while bicycling indicates that ten years ago, approximately 35 percent of all bicyclists reported wearing helmets, whereas today that number is nearly 80 percent. Another study, however, suggests that during the same ten-year period, the number of accidents caused by bicycling has increased 200 percent. These results demonstrate that bicyclists feel safer because they are wearing helmets and they take more risks as a result. Thus, to reduce the number of serious injuries from bicycle accidents, the government should concentrate more on educating people about bicycle safety and less on encouraging or requiring bicyclists to wear helmets.”
下述文字摘自一份健康方面的时事通讯。"一项为期10年的有关骑自行车过程中戴头盔有效性的全国研究表明，10年前，所有自行车骑车者中只有约35％的人称会戴头盔，但现在该数字已上升至近80％。但另一项研究显示，在同一个10年期，骑自行车所造成的事故数量增加了200％。这些结果表明，自行车骑车者觉得，因为他们戴着头盔，所以更为安全，因而就做出更多的冒险举动。因此，为了减少自行车事故中的重伤数量，政府应该将更多的注意力用来就骑车安全对民众展开教育，而非鼓励或要求骑车者戴头盔。"
Argument 121
The following is a memo from the president of Cyberell Computer Comp“any. "All of our customer-service employees recently attended a two-day retreat during which they received retraining in effective customer service. Subsequently, Cyberell's employee-performance study showed that the retreat benefited new employees—those who have worked with Cyberell for less than two years—far more than it did experienced employees. According to the study, after the retreat new employees were able to handle an average of ten percent more calls per hour, and the total number of customer complaints about new employees decreased, but experienced employees showed little improvement in these areas. Therefore, Cyberell should send only new employees to future retreats and should use the resulting savings to double the length of the retreats so that the retreats will be more likely to yield optimum employee performance.”
下述文字摘自Cyberell计算机公司总裁的备忘录。“我们所有的客户服务员工最近参加了一次为期两天的休整，其间接受了有效客户服务的重新培训。此后，Cyberell公司的员工表现研究显示，该休整培训给新员工——那些在Cyberell公司工作不足两年时间的员工——带来的益处甚于那些熟练员工。按照该项研究，在接受休整培训之后，新员工每小时接听电话的数量提高了10％，顾客对新员工投诉的总数也下降了，但熟练员工在这些方面没有表现出什么改观。因此，Cyberell公司应该在未来的休整中只派新员工参加，并应该将随后节省下来的费用用来将休整的时间增加一倍，这样，这些休整将更可能带来最佳的员工表现。”
Argument 122
The following appeared in the Pine City Gazette. "Fifteen years ago, Pine City launched an electricity-conservation program that reimbursed residents some of the cost for replacing energy-wasteful motors, home office equipment, and home appliances with energy-efficient ones. For ten years, spending on this program increased annually, and annual total energy consumption declined. But spending on the program began to decline five years ago, and since then Pine City's total electricity consumption has increased sharply. If this increased usage continues, the city will have to build a costly new power plant. Obviously the best way to avoid this expense is to increase reimbursement to residents for replacing energy-wasteful equipment. This will reduce energy usage to the levels of five years ago.”
下述文字摘自《Pine市报》。“15年前，Pine市发起了一项节约用电计划，对那些用省电设备来替代浪费用电的电机，家庭办公设备和家用电器的居民，可为其报销某些费用。在10年中，用于这一计划的开支每年有增无减，每年总耗电量也趋下降。但5年前，用于该计划的费用开始下降，但从此以后Pine市的总用电量直线上升。如果这种日趋上升的用电量继续下去的话，本市将不得不去建造一座造价昂贵的新发电厂。显而易见，避免这一庞大开支的最佳途径是对居民替换浪费能源的设备的做法提高补偿力度。这可以将用电量降低到5年前的水平。”
Argument 123
The following appeared in a health newsletter. "Eating a heavy meal may increase the risk of heart attack. A recent survey of 2,000
people who had had a heart attack revealed that 158
of them said they had eaten a heavy meal within 24
hours before their heart attack, and 25
of them said they had eaten a heavy meal within 2
hours before their heart attack. Eating and digesting food releases hormones into the bloodstream and temporarily increases heart rate and blood pressure slightly. Both of these things put stress on the heart. Therefore, people who are at risk of having a heart attack can lower that risk by not overeating.”
下述文字摘自一份关于健康的时事通讯。“吃饭时饮食过量会增加发生心脏病的风险。最近对曾患过心脏病的2000人所作的调查显示，其中有158人说他们曾在心脏病发生之前的24小时内暴饮暴食，有25人说他们在心脏病发生之前的2小时内曾暴饮暴食。吃东西和消化东西会将荷尔蒙释放到血液中，可暂时使心跳速度和血压稍有增加。这两个因素都可以加大心脏病的压力。因此，有心脏病风险的人可以通过避免暴饮暴食而降低这一风险。”
Argument 124
The following is a memo from the business manager of National Daily News. "To expand the home delivery service of our national newspaper, we should concentrate on the state of Urba rather than on the state of Sylva. First, the population of Sylva is more widely dispersed, which would require us to spend more money to deliver our papers in that area, resulting in less profit per customer. Second, a long-term study of television viewing habits suggests that Sylvans prefer local to national news, since they spend twice as much time viewing local news programs as they do viewing national programs. Finally, because events in Urba receive more coverage in our newspaper than do events in Sylva, we can expect Urbans to be more interested in reading our newspaper.”
下述文字摘自《全国每日新闻》业务经理的备忘录。 “为了扩大我们全国性报纸的家庭投递服务，我们应该将注意力集中在Urba州，而非Sylva州。首先，Sylva州的人口分布得更为稀疏，这就需要我们花更多的钱在那个地区投递我们的报纸，每个顾客身上的盈利率将会减少。其次，对电视观看习惯所作的一项长期研究表明，Sylvan州的读者爱看当地的而非全国性的新闻，因为他们观看当地新闻节目所花的时间是他们观看全国性新闻的两倍。最后，由于Urba州所发生的事件在我们报纸中获得的报道甚于Sylva州所发生的事件，因此，我们预料Urba州的人会对阅读我们的报纸更感兴趣。”
Argument 125
The following is a recommendation from the president of Appleby College. "Whereas Appleby College holds class reunions every five years, Edelston College holds annual reunions for all classes, during which Edelston's alumni are treated to banquets, lectures, and student performances, enhancing their loyalty to the college and their willingness to donate money. Edelston College receives most of its alumni donations during or shortly after these reunions. Therefore, the best way for Appleby to increase its alumni donations is to offer similar reunion activities and to have each graduating class hold annual reunions.”
下述文字摘自Appleby学院院长的一份建议书。 “Appleby学院每5年举办一次班级重聚联谊会。而Edelston学院则为所有的班级举办每年一度的重聚联谊会。在这些联谊会上，Edelston学院的校长被安排参加宴会，讲座以及学生汇演，从而增强了校友们对学校的忠诚度，促使他们更愿意捐款。Edelton学校的大多数校友捐款都是在这些联谊会期间或之后的短期内获得的。因此，Appleby学院增加其校友捐款的最佳途径是去举办类似的联谊活动，让每个毕业班举行每年一度的重聚联谊会。”
Argument 126
The following appeared in a health magazine. "It has long been believed that getting at least eight hours of sleep a night is good for health. But a recent six-year study of adult sleeping habits found that people who reported sleeping eight or more hours a night had a higher rate of certain health problems than did those who reported sleeping seven hours a night. People who reported sleeping five hours a night also had an increased rate of the health problems, but this increase was slight compared to that for people who reported sleeping eight or more hours a night. Clearly, people should try to get seven hours of sleep, and they should worry more about getting too much sleep than too little.”
下述文字摘自一本健康杂志。 “长期以来，人们相信夜间至少8个小时的睡眠时间有益于身体健康。但近期完成的一项对成年人睡眠习惯所作的为期6年的研究却发现，那些反映每夜睡眠8个或8个以上小时的人，他们某些健康问题的发病率要高于那些每夜睡眠７个小时的人。那些反映每夜只睡５小时的人，他们发生健康问题的比例也较高，但与每夜睡８个小时或８个小时以上的人的情况相比则显得微不足道。显而易见，人们应该尽可能每夜只睡７个小时，并且，他们所应该担忧的不是睡得太少，而是睡得太多。。”
Argument 127
The vice president for human resources at Climpson Industries sent the following recommendation to the company's president. "In an effort to improve our employees' productivity, we should implement electronic monitoring of employees' Internet use from their workstations. Employees who use the Internet from their workstations need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities, such as shopping or playing games. By installing software to detect employees' Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic at Climpson, and improve our overall profits.”
下述文字摘自Climpson Industries公司人力资源副总裁递交给公司总裁的建议书。 "为了提高我们员工的生产效率，我们应该对员工从其智能终端上使用互联网实施电子监测。如果我们想要减少员工们花在诸如购物或玩游戏一类个人或娱乐性活动上的时间，我们就必须找出那些从其智能终端上使用互联网的员工并对其实施惩罚。通过安装能测量出员工是否在公司电脑上使用了互联网的软件，我们就能防止员工浪费时间，在Climpson公司培养起更好的工作伦理，提高我们的总体利润。”
Argument 128
The following appeared in an editorial in the Garden City Gazette. "To address the parking problems in our downtown business district, it has been proposed that the city increase parking capacity by building a four-story parking garage. However, this project would cost more than it would to improve the downtown pedestrian plaza. Because the pedestrian plaza is an important attraction that draws people to the downtown area, improvements to it will increase business for downtown merchants. The merchants' higher profits will ultimately produce increased tax revenues for the city. Therefore, we should invest in the plaza improvements first and then use the revenues thus generated to pay for the construction of the parking garage.”
下述文字摘自《花园城市报》的某篇社论。"为了解决本市繁华商业区的泊车问题，有人提出修建一座4层停车库来扩大停车容量。但这一计划所耗资金会超过用来改造繁华商业区步行广场所需耗费的资金。由于步行广场已成为吸引人们前来繁华商业区的一股重要吸引力，故对它进行改造将为繁华商业区的商家带来更多的商机。而商家更高的盈利最终也会给本市带来更为可观的税收收益。因此，我们应该首先投资进行广场改造，然后用随之而来的收益来支付停车场建设所需的费用。”
Argument 129
The following appeared in the Sherwood Times newspaper. "A recent study reported that pet owners have longer, healthier lives on average than do people who own no pets. Specifically, dog owners tend to have a lower incidence of heart disease. In light of these findings, Sherwood Hospital should form a partnership with Sherwood Animal Shelter to institute an 'adopt-a-dog' program. The program would encourage dog ownership for patients recovering from heart disease, which will help reduce medical costs by reducing the number of these patients needing ongoing treatment. In addition, the publicity about the program will encourage more people to adopt pets from the shelter, which will reduce the risk of heart disease in the general population.”
下述文字摘自《Sherwood时代报》. “近期的一项研究显示，那些饲养宠物的居民平均而言要比那些不饲养宠物的居民生活得更为长寿，且更为健康。具体而言，养狗的主人心脏病的发生率相对较低。鉴于这些研究发现，Sherwood医院应该与Sherwood动物收容所建立一种伙伴关系，开始实施一项‘收养一条狗’的计划。该计划旨在鼓励那些正在从心脏病中康复的患者去拥有一条狗，这样就可以通过减少需要接受治疗的患者数量，从而促进医疗费用的降低。此外，围绕着这一计划所展开的宣传将会鼓励更多的人们从收容所中收养宠物，从而减少全体市民心脏病的患病风险。"Argument 130
The following appeared in the annual report of a chain of stores that sell supplies for do-it-yourself home improvements. "Current reports indicate that sales of new homes nationwide declined by 9
percent during the past year, while sales of existing homes increased by 16
percent. Thus we can expect that the percentage of homeowners who will be making repairs or improvements to their homes will also increase. In addition, people who buy existing homes will have more money left over after the purchase to spend on home improvements. Finally, people who buy existing homes are more likely to make improvements themselves, as opposed to paying someone else. These factors combined indicate we can expect an increasing demand for products in all our stores nationwide, thus increasing our profits in the coming year.”
下述文字摘自某家连锁商店的年度报告，该连锁商店销售自己动手美化家庭用品的供货。 “目前的报告表明，全国新住房的销售在去年下降了9％，但既存住房的销售却增加了16％。因此我们预计，进行家居装修的房主的比例也将增加。此外，购买既存住房的人们会在购房之后有更多的节余用来花费在家居美化上。最后，购买现有住房的人更有可能亲自进行家居美化，而不是花钱请人来做。这些因素结合起来，充分表明我们分布在全国各地的商店中，商品的需求量将会上升，因此在来年增加我们的利润。”
Argument 131
The following appeared in an environmental newsletter published in Tria Island. "Its regulations ban dumping and offshore oil drilling within 20
miles of Tria, but fishing is not banned. Currently many fish populations in Tria's waters are declining, a situation blamed on pollution. In contrast, the marine sanctuary on Omni Island has regulations that ban dumping, offshore oil drilling, and fishing within 10
miles of Omni and Omni reports no significant decline in its fish populations. Clearly, the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters is the result of overfishing, not pollution. Therefore, the best way to restore Tria's fish populations and to protect all of Tria's marine wildlife is to abandon our regulations and adopt those of Omni.”
下述文字摘自Tria岛出版的某环保时事通讯。"Tria岛海洋保护区被建立起来，为了保护某些海洋哺乳动物。它的规定禁止倾倒垃圾和在Tria岛20英里的范围内进行近海石油开采，但捕鱼并不列在禁止范围。目前，Tria岛水域中许多鱼类的种群数量正在下降，该情形被归咎于污染。相反，Omni岛的海洋保护区所制定的规则禁止在Omni岛10英里的范围内倾倒垃圾，近海石油开采以及捕鱼，且Omni岛反映没有出现重大鱼类种群数量的下降。显而易见，Tria岛水域中鱼类种群数量的下降是过度捕捞所致，而非污染所致。因此，恢复Tria岛鱼类种群数量以及保护Tria岛所有野生生命的最佳办法是放弃我们的规定而采用Omni岛的规定。”
Argument 132
The following appeared in an editorial in the local newspaper of Workville。 "Workers should be allowed to reduce their workload from 40
to 25
or even 20
hours per week because it is clear that people who work part-time instead of full-time have better health and improved morale. One store in Workville, which began allowing its employees to work part-time last year, reports that fewer days of sick leave were taken last year than in previous years. In contrast, the factory in Workville, which does not allow any of its employees to work part-time, had a slight increase in the number of days of sick leave taken last year. In addition, a recent survey reports that most of the store employees stated that they are satisfied with their jobs, while many of the factory employees stated that they are dissatisfied with their jobs.”
下述文字摘自Workville市当地报纸的社论。“工人应该被允许将其工作量从每周40小时减少到每周25小时，甚至20小时，因为显而易见，兼职工作而非全职工作的人身体更为健康，士气更为高涨。我们在Workville市的一家商店，去年开始允许其雇员兼职工作，该商店反映，去年病假的天数较以前年份有所下降。相反，不允许任何雇员进行兼职工作的Workville市的那家工厂，去年请病假的天数略有上升。此外，最近的一项调查反映，大多数的商店雇员说，他们对工作甚感满意，而许多工厂雇员则宣称，他们对其工作感到不满意。” Argument 133
The following is a memo from the principal of Academia High School. "Academia High School should abolish its after-school performing-arts programs and replace them with computer-technology programs. When nearby Techno High School did so last year, total enrollment in all of its after-school activities remained about the same. Moreover, on entering college, many Techno students chose a major directly related to their after-school activities. On the other hand, last year only 10
percent of Academia's graduating seniors chose performing arts as their major field of study in their first year of college, clearly indicating that most students do not have a strong interest in the performing arts.”
下述文字摘自Academia高中校长的备忘录。“Academia高中应该取消其表演艺术课后活动项目，并用计算机技术活动项目将其取而代之。当我们的邻校Techno高中去年这样做了以后，它所有课余活动项目的报名参加总人数大致相同。此外，在进入大学之际，毕业于Techno高中的许多学生选择的专业直接与其课余活动相关。另一方面，去年，Academia高中的毕业生仅有10％的人将表演艺术选作其大学第一年的主要学术领域，这明显表明大多数学生对表演艺术并没有浓厚的兴趣。”
Argument 134
The following was taken from a guide for aspiring writers。 “New writers usually cannot convince large, prestigious publishers that their work is marketable, so they must first publish with smaller, less well-known presses to establish a sales record. But the editors of Mystery Writers Magazine have good news for aspiring writers: the number of mystery novels published in the last two years has grown significantly, and more people read mysteries than any other type of novel. In addition, almost half of the mystery novels published last year were written by first-time novel writers. Since there is apparently an expanding market for mystery novels, all publishers will want to increase the number of mystery novels they publish. Therefore, new writers should write mystery novels to increase their chances for first-time publication with a larger, prestigious company.”
下述文字摘自《新作家指南》。“新作家往往无法让著名的大出版商相信他们的作品具有很大的市场价值，因此，他们不得不首先让规模较小、名气不太大的出版社来出版他们的作品，以建立起某种销售记录。但《志怪作家杂志》的编辑们可以向那些有抱负的作家们宣布一个好消息：在过去的2年中，所出版的志怪小说的数量已出现大幅度增加，越来越多的读者爱读志怪小说，甚于其他任何类型的小说。此外，去年出版的一半以上的志怪小说是由第一次进行小说创作的作家创作的。由于志怪小说的市场明显有拓展的态势，所有出版商都会希望增加他们出版的志怪小说的数量。因此新作家们应该创作志怪小说，以便有更多的机会能在第一次出版作品时就由规模较大、名气很响的出版公司来出版。”
Argument 135
The following is a memorandum from the business manager of WLSS television station. "Over the past year, our late-night news program has devoted increasingly more time to covering national news and less time to covering weather and local news. During the same time period, most of the complaints we received from viewers were concerned with the station's coverage of weather and local news. In addition, several local businesses that used to run advertisements during our late-night news program have just cancelled their advertising contracts with us. Therefore, in order to attract more viewers to our news programs and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues, we should expand the coverage of weather and local news on all our news programs.”
下述文字摘自WLSS电视台业务经理的备忘录。“在过去一年中，我们午夜新闻节目将越来越多的时间用来报道国内新闻，而报道气候和当地新闻的时间则越来越少。在同一时期我们从观众中收到的大多数投诉都是针对本台对气候和当地新闻的报道。此外，有几家过去在我们午夜新闻节目期间做广告的公司，不久前刚取消了与我们签订的广告合约。因此，为了将更多的观众吸引到我们的新闻节目中来，并为了避免任何进一步的广告收益的损失，我们应该在我们所有的新闻节目中加重对气候和当地新闻的报道。”
Argument 136
The following is part of a letter from the Brookfree School Board. "As part of our new educational reform program, we identified ten schools most in need of immediate improvement. An advisory committee is now recommending that we hire consultants to study further the schools' problems and to propose a plan of action. Only two years ago, however, another group of consultants determined that several schools in our district had problems because their principals were inexperienced. Thus, if we want to see immediate improvement in our schools and save the district the money it would spend on hiring more consultants, we should replace all the principals in the ten worst schools with ten of our most experienced principals in the district.”
下述文字摘自Brookfree学校董事会的一封信函。“作为我们新的教育改革计划的一部分，我们确定了最需要马上进行整改的10所学校。一个顾问委员会现在正在提出建议，我们应该雇用咨询专家来进一步研究本校的问题，并提出一项行动计划。但就在2年以前，另一组咨询专家的结论是，我区的几所学校之所以存在问题，是因为这些学校的校长们缺乏经验。因此，如果我们希望我们的学校立刻出现改观，并使我区节省原本用以雇用更多咨询专家的费用，我们应该将10所最糟糕学校中的所有校长予以撤职，代之以本区最有经验的10位校长。”
Argument 137
The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper. "At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River.”
下述文字摘自《Mason市报》的一篇社论.“目前，Mason市居民很少利用附近的Mason河进行任何性质的娱乐活动，尽管对这一地区的居民所作的调查一直将水上运动（游泳，垂钓，划船等）列为一种十分受欢迎的娱乐形式。由于已有人对河水的水质提出投诉，故居民们之所以避免使用这条河，是因为他们认为它不够卫生。但这一情形即将改变，负责本地区河流的机构已宣布了清理Mason河的计划。因此，Mason市政委员会有必要增加其预算，用来完善Mason河沿岸的公共土地。”
Argument 138
The following report appeared in a memo from the vice president of the Southside Transportation Authority. "We should abandon our current five-year plan to purchase additional buses to serve the campus of Southside University, because students there are unlikely to use them. Consider the results of the recent campaign sponsored by the Environmental Club at Southside University: in a program on the campus radio station, the club asked students to call in and pledge that they would commute to school by bus instead of by automobile at least one day per week. Only ten percent of the students called in and pledged. In view of the campaign's lack of success, we can assume that the bus service we currently offer will continue to be sufficient to serve the university.”
下述报告摘自南区运输署副总裁的备忘录。“我们应该放弃我们目前的5年计划，该计划原本准备购买更多的公交车来为南区大学校园提供服务。之所以应该放弃这一计划，因为那里的学生不太可能使用这些汽车。不妨考虑一下由南区大学环境俱乐部所资助的一项近期宣传运动的结果吧！在校园广播台的一个节目中，该俱乐部要求学生致电给广播台，承诺他们将至少每周中有一天乘坐公共汽车而不是自己驾车前来学校上课。只有10％的学生致电广播台并作出了承诺。鉴于该活动缺乏成功，我们可以假定，我们目前所提供的公共汽车服务将依然可以绰绰有余地为该大学提供服务。”
Argument 139
The following appeared in the editorial section of an educational publication. "One study at Lee University found that first-semester grades of teenage students who had always attended public, tax-supported schools were slightly lower than the grades of students who had received some home schooling instruction by parents at home, although the grade differences disappeared in the second semester. These results suggest that home schooling is the best way to educate teenage children. Therefore, instead of spending more money on public education, the government should provide financial incentives so that home schooling is an option for more parents. After all, children schooled at home receive more attention, since they are taught by the best possible teacher: a parent who has a high stake in educating them well.”
下述文字摘自某教育类出版物的社论部分。“在Lee大学所作的一项研究发现，那些自始至终在公立、有税收支持的学校上学的青少年学生，其第一学期的成绩略低于在家里获得过来自父母的某些家庭教育指导的学生，虽然这种成绩差异在第二个学期宣告消失。这些结果暗示，家庭教育是教育青少年孩子的最佳途径。因此，政府不应该将较多的资金用于公共教育，而应该提供财政刺激，从而使家庭教育成为更多父母们的一种选择。毕竟而言，在家中接受教育的孩子能获得更多的关注，因为他们的教育来自世界上有可能最好的老师——那些绝不会拿子女的教育开玩笑的家长。”
Argument 140
The following appeared in a report of the Committee on Faculty Promotions and Salaries at Elm City University. "During her seventeen years as a professor of botany, Professor Thomas has proved herself to be well worth her annual salary of $50,000. Her classes are among the largest at the university, demonstrating her popularity among students. Moreover, the money she has brought to the university in research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years. Therefore, in consideration of Professor Thomas' demonstrated teaching and research abilities, we recommend that she receive a $10,000
raise and a promotion to Department Chairperson; without such a raise and promotion, we fear that Professor Thomas will leave Elm City University for another college.”
下述文字摘自Elm市立大学教职员工晋升和工资委员会的一份报告。“在其作为一位植物学教授的17年执教生涯中，托马斯教授证明自己绝没有辜负其5万美元的年薪。她所教的那些班级属于全校最大的班，她证明自己深受学生爱戴。此外，在过去的2年中，她以研究经费的形式给本校带来的款项也远远超过所付给她的薪酬。因此，鉴于托马斯教授有口皆碑的教学与科研能力，我们提议她应获得一万美元的加薪，并晋升为系主任。如不给予这样的薪酬浮动和职位晋升，我们深恐托马斯教授将离开Elm市立大学而另谋高就。”
Argument 141
The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally. "Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster, since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans.”
下述文字摘自在近期的一次政治集会上散发的一份时事通讯。“去年，联合铜业公司（CCC）在西Fredonia这个热带国家购买了超过100万平方英里的土地。这片土地上的铜矿开采将不可避免导致污染和环境灾难，因为西Fredonia是若干濒危动物物种的所在地。但这样的灾难是可以避免的，只要消费者拒绝购买用CCC公司的铜制造的产品，直到该公司放弃其开采计划。”
Argument 142
"The article entitled 'Eating Iron' in last month's issue of Eating for Health reported that a recent study found a correlation between high levels of iron in the diet and an increased risk of heart disease. Further, it is well established that there is a link between large amounts of red meat in the diet and heart disease, and red meat is high in iron. On the basis of the study and the well-established link between red meat and heart disease, we can conclude that the correlation between high iron levels and heart disease, then, is most probably a function of the correlation between red meat and heart disease.”
下述文字摘自Techforce计算机公司人力资源部的建议书。“《健康饮食》上月刊中标题为“食铁”的文章宣布，最近的一项研究发现饮食中铁的高含量与心脏病的高风险之间不无关系。此外，一个不争的事实是，饮食中大量的红色肉类与心脏病有关，而红色肉类富含铁。基于该项研究以及基于红色肉类与心脏病之间的那种众所周知的关系，我们可以得出如下结论，即铁的高含量与心脏病之间的关系那么最有可能是红色肉类与心脏病之间的关系的一个应变量.”
Argument 143
The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper. "Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in the United States is misleading. The article gives the mistaken impression that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this impression is contradicted by a recent report on the United States economy, which found that since 1992
far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated. The report also demonstrates that many of those who lost their jobs have found new employment. Two-thirds of the newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time.Downsizing is the process in which corporations deliberately reduce the number of their employees.”
下述文字摘自一封致某全国性报纸编辑的信函。“贵报最近刊登的那篇美国公司精简机构的文章具有误导性质。该文给人予一种错误的印象，仿佛许多由于精简机构而丢掉饭碗的合格员工在寻找到其他合适的工作之前都会面对严重的、往往是好几年的经济困难。但这一印象与最近一项有关美国经济的报告有出入，该报告发现，自从1992年以来，新创建的工作岗位远多于所消失的工作岗位。该报告还证明，许多已失去工作的人已经重又找到了新工作。在新创造的就业中，三分之二的工作属于那些倾向于支付高于平均工资的行业。而这些工作中的绝大多数都是全职性质的。”
Argument 144
"According to a poll of 200
charitable organizations, donations of money to nonprofit groups increased by nearly 25
percent last year, though not all charities gained equally. Religious groups gained the most (30
percent), followed by environmental groups (23
percent), whereas educational institutions experienced only a very small increase in donations (3
percent). This poll indicates that more people are willing and able to give money to charities but that funding for education is not a priority for most people. These differences in donation rates must result from the perception that educational institutions are less in need of donations than are other kinds of institutions."依据一项对200多个慈善组织进行的民意测验，向非盈利团体的捐款去年增加了近25％，尽管并非所有的慈善机构受益相同。宗教团体获益最多，为30％，其次为环保团体，为23％，而教育机构所得捐款仅有微乎其微的增加，为3％。这一民意测验表明，越来越多的人愿意并且有能力向慈善组织捐款，但资助教育尚未成为大多数人的头等大事。这些捐款在比例方面的差异源自这样一种看法，即教育机构并不像其他性质的机构那样需要人们的捐助。Argument 145
A new study collected data that shows that people who snore are more likely to gain weight than are people who do not snore. It is well known that many people who snore also stop breathing frequently during the night for a few seconds, a condition called sleep apnea. The interruption of breathing wakes the person—often so briefly that the waking goes unnoticed—and can leave the person too tired during the day to exercise. Anyone who snores, therefore, should try to eat less than the average person and to exercise more.一项新研究所收集到的数据表明，那些睡觉时打鼾的人比那些不打鼾的人更有可能增加体重。众所周知，许多打鼾的人夜间睡觉过程中也会停止呼吸几秒钟，这种状况被称为睡眠时呼吸暂停。呼吸的停顿会使睡眠者醒来，但苏醒的时间是如此之短，以致于它几乎不为人们所注意。呼吸的停顿还会使人极为疲倦，白天懒得从事体育锻炼。因此，任何睡眠时打鼾的人应该比常人吃较少的食物，并应从事更多的体育锻炼。Argument 146
The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper. "The librarians in our town's school system have reported that the number of trips that our students make to their school library on a voluntary basis has decreased significantly in recent years. For example, the average seventh-grade student visited the school library five times last year, but four of those visits were part of required classroom activities. This shows that our students are reading less than in the past. To address this problem, our town needs to improve the atmosphere of the libraries so that they will be comfortable places in which to work. If students view the libraries as uncomfortable, then they are unlikely to want to spend much time there.”
下述文字摘自某地方报纸的社论部分。“本镇教育系统中的图书馆管理人员报告说，我们的学生主动去图书馆的数量在最近几年中大幅减少。例如，去年，一般的七年级学生只去过学校图书馆5次，但这5次中有4次是老师所要求的课堂活动的一部分。这表明我们的学生要比过去读书更少。为了解决这一问题，本镇应该改善图书馆的气氛，这样，图书馆将会有舒适的场所供人进行读书。如果学生认为图书馆不舒适，那么，他们是不会愿意在那儿花太多时间的。”
Argument 147
The following appeared in an editorial in a business magazine. "Although the sales of Whirlwind video games have declined over the past two years, a recent survey of video-game players suggests that this sales trend is about to be reversed. The survey asked video-game players what features they thought were most important in a video game. According to the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which require the most up-to-date computers. Whirlwind has just introduced several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at people 10
to 25
years old, the age-group most likely to play video games. It follows, then, that the sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to increase dramatically in the next few months.”
下述文字摘自某商业杂志的社论.“尽管在过去的2年中Whirlwind电视游戏的销售呈下降趋势，但对电视游戏玩家所作的一次近期调查表明，这一销售势头将被扭转。该项调查询问电视游戏的玩家们，他们认为电视游戏中最重要的特征是什么。按照这项调查，玩家们所喜爱的游戏应能提供逼真的图像，而要做到这一点则需要最先进的电脑。Whirlwind电视游戏刚引进了几款这样的游戏，并面向最有可能玩电脑游戏的10岁至25岁的群体发起了声势浩大的广告攻势。因此，顺理成章的是，在未来的几个月中，Whirlwind电视游戏的销售可能会出现戏剧性的增长。”
Argument 148
The following appeared in the editorial section of Monroetown's local newspaper. "Mayor Brown was recently re-elected by a clear majority of 52
percent of Monroetown's voters. Her re-election, however, does not show that most people in our town favored Mayor Brown's proposal for tax reduction over that of her opponent, Mr. Greene, who proposed raising taxes to improve education. It has been shown that voters nationwide tend to re-elect people already in office, regardless of candidates' proposals. In fact, a local survey after the election showed most people in Monroetown disagreed with Mayor Brown's proposal. Clearly most people in Monroetown favor improving education and therefore approve of Mr. Greene's proposal despite the fact that they did not vote for him.”
下述文字摘自梦露镇地方报纸的社论。“最近，布朗市长在梦露镇清晰无误的52％多数选民的支持下再次当选连任。但是，她的连任并非表明本镇大多数人拥护布朗市长所提出的减税计划，而反对其竞争对手Greene先生所提出的提高税收以改善教育的计划。有迹象显示，全国选民倾向于再次选举那些早已当政的人们，而对其所提计划漠不关心。事实上，选举之后的一项当地调查表明，梦露镇的大多数人并不同意布朗市长的计划。显而易见，梦露镇的大多数人尽管没有选举Greene先生为市长，但他们还是拥护改善教育的，并因此也是支持Greene先生的计划的。”
Argument 149
The following is a memorandum from the director of personnel to the president of Get-Away Airlines. "Since our mechanics are responsible for inspecting and maintaining our aircraft, Get-Away Airlines should pay to send them to the Quality-Care Seminar, a two-week seminar on proper maintenance procedures. I recommend this seminar because it is likely to be a wise investment, given that the automobile racing industry recently reported that the performance of its maintenance crews improved markedly after their crews had attended the seminar. These maintenance crews perform many of the same functions as do our mechanics, including refueling and repairing engines. The money we spend on sending our staff to the seminar will inevitably lead to improved maintenance and thus to greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits for our airline.”
下述内容为Get-away航空公司人事主任向总裁呈上的备忘录中的一段文字。“既然我们的机师负责检查和维修我们的飞机，Get-Away航空公司应该出钱让他们参加“关心质量”培训班，一种为期一周的讲授正确保养程序的培训班。我之所以推荐这一培训班，因为这有可能是一项甚为英明的投资，其依据是赛车行业最近称，其维修保养小组参加该培训班之后，其技术水准显著改观。这些维修小组所从事的许多职责与我们的机师相同，包括补充燃料和修理引擎。我们花钱将我们的员工送去参加该培训班，必将导致维修水准的提高，从而在为本公司带来更多经济效益的同时获得更高的客户满意度。”
Argument 150
The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine. "The decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide clearly indicates the global pollution of water and air. Two studies of amphibians in Yosemite National Park in California confirm my conclusion. In 1915
there were seven species of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of each species. However, in 1992
there were only four species of amphibians observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. The decline in Yosemite has been blamed on the introduction of trout into the park's waters, which began in 1920
(trout are known to eat amphibian eggs). But the introduction of trout cannot be the real reason for the Yosemite decline because it does not explain the worldwide decline.”
下述文字摘自一封致某环保杂志编辑的信函：“全球两栖动物数量的减少明显标志着全球性水与大气的污染。对加利福尼亚州约塞米蒂国家公园内两栖动物所作的两项研究可证实我的这一结论。1915年公园内有七个物种的两栖动物，每一物种都拥有丰富的种群数量。然而，1992年，在公园内所能观察到的两栖动物物种仅为四类，且每一物种的种群数量已骤然下降。约塞米蒂公园动物数量减少被归咎于始于1920年的将鲑鱼引入公园水域的做法(众所周知，鲑鱼喜食两栖动物所产的卵)。但鲑鱼的引入不可能成为约塞米蒂公园动物数量减少的真正原因，因为它无法来解释全球范围内的动物数量减少。”
Argument 151
The following is a letter to the editor of the Atticus City newspaper. "Former Mayor Durant owes an apology to the city of Atticus. Both the damage to the River Bridge, which connects Atticus to Hartley, and the traffic problems we have long experienced on the bridge were actually caused 20
years ago by Durant. After all, he is the one who approved the construction of the bridge. If he had approved a wider and better-designed bridge, on which approximately the same amount of public money would have been spent, none of the damage or problems would have occurred. Instead, the River Bridge has deteriorated far more rapidly over the past 20
years than has the much longer Derby Bridge up the river. Even though the winters have been severe in the past several years, this is no excuse for the negligence and wastefulness of Durant.”
下述文字乃一封致《Atticus都市报》的信函。“前市长Durant应向全体Atticus 市民道歉。无论是将Atticus 市和Hartley市连结起来的跨河大桥所遭到的毁坏，还是我们在大桥上长期以来所经历的交通问题，实际上都是由Durant 市长在20年之前一手铸成的。无论如何，是他批准了大桥的开工建设。如果他所批准建设的大桥更宽一些，设计得更精良一些，而所投入其上的公共款项大致相等的话，那么，无论是大桥的受损，还是交通拥堵问题均不会发生。然则，在过去20年期间，跨河大桥现在则远比上游河段上长度远长得多的Derby河大桥更为快速地遭到毁损。尽管过去几年中冬天的日子甚为严酷，但我们绝不能原谅Durant市长的玩忽职守和浪费。”
Argument 152
The following is a letter to the head of the tourism bureau on the island of Tria. "Erosion of beach sand along the shores of Tria Island is a serious threat to our island and our tourist industry. In order to stop the erosion, we should charge people for using the beaches. Although this solution may annoy a few tourists in the short term, it will reduce the number of people using the beaches and will raise money for replenishing the sand. Replenishing the sand, as was done to protect buildings on the nearby island of Batia, will help protect buildings along our shores, thereby reducing these buildings' risk of additional damage from severe storms. And since the areas along the shore will be more attractive as a result, the beaches will be preserved and the area's tourist industry will improve over the long term.”
下述文字摘自一封致Tria岛旅游局长的一封信。“Tria岛海岸沿线海滩沙土的侵蚀对本岛及本岛旅游业是一种严重的威胁。为了阻止水土流失，我们应该向人们使用沙滩收取费用。尽管这一解决办法会在短期内惹怒一小部分人，但它可减少使用海滩的人数，并将筹得资金来为海滩补充沙土。补充沙土，正如在附近的Batia岛上用来保护建筑所作的那样，将有助于保护我们滨海沿途的建筑，从而减少这些建筑遭受严重风暴带来的进一步破坏。由于这样一来海滨一带的地区将变得更加吸引人，海滩将获得保护，该地区的旅游业将从长远的角度来看得到改进。”
Argument 153
The following is from an editorial in the Midvale Observer, a local newspaper. "Ever since the 1950's, when television sets began to appear in the average home, the rate of crimes committed by teenagers in the country of Alta has steadily increased. This increase in teenage crime parallels the increase in violence shown on television. According to several national studies, even very young children who watch a great number of television shows featuring violent scenes display more violent behavior within their home environment than do children who do not watch violent shows. Furthermore, in a survey conducted by the Observer, over 90
percent of the respondents were parents who indicated that prime-time television—programs that are shown between 7
p.m. and 9
p.m.—should show less violence. Therefore, in order to lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television viewers should demand that television programmers reduce the amount of violence shown during prime time.”
下述文字摘自一份地方性报纸《Midvale观察家》所发表的社论。"自二十世纪五十年代以来，当电视机开始出现于寻常百姓家庭时，Alta国内青少年犯罪率已呈现出持续上升的势头。这一青少年犯罪行为的上升与电视上所播放的暴力画面的增加成正比。按照几份全国性调查报告，在那些大量观看了涉及到暴力场面的电视节目的青少年中，即使是极为年幼的孩童在其家庭环境中也要比那些不看暴力节目的孩童表现出更多的暴力行为。此外，在一项由《Midvale观察家》所进行的调查中，有90%的受访者为父母亲，他(她)们表示黄金时段的电视内容——即晚上7点到9点所播放的节目——应该减少播放暴力内容。据此，为了降低Alta国内青少年犯罪率，电视观众应该要求电视节目编播者减少黄金时段所播放的暴力画面数量。"Argument 154
The following appeared in the editorial section of a health and fitness magazine. "In a study of the effects of exercise on longevity, medical researchers tracked 500
middle-aged men over a 20-year period. The subjects represented a variety of occupations in several different parts of the country and responded to an annual survey in which they were asked: How often and how strenuously do you exercise? Of those who responded, the men who reported that they engaged in vigorous outdoor exercise nearly every day lived longer than the men who reported that they exercised mildly only once or twice a week. Given the clear link that this study establishes between longevity and exercise, doctors should not recommend moderate exercise to their patients but should instead encourage vigorous outdoor exercise on a daily basis.”
下述文字刊登于某健康与健美杂志的社论栏：“在一项有关运动对长寿的影响的研究中，医疗研究人员在为期20年的时间中跟踪调查了500名中年男性。被调查对象代表着该国若干个不同地区的形形色色的职业，他们对每年一度调查中的两个问题——你运动的频繁程度如何？运动的力度如何？——作出回答。在所有作出回答的人中间，那些汇报说几乎每天都从事剧烈户外运动的男性，其寿命要高于那些汇报说每周只从事一次或二次轻微运动的男性。鉴于本项研究在长寿与运动之间所确立的明显关系，大夫们不应向其病人建议适度的运动，而应该鼓励病人每天从事剧烈的户外活动。”
Argument 155
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. "Too much emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills in elementary school. Many students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from schoolwork merely because they are poor readers. But books recorded on audiocassette tape provide an important alternative for students at this crucial stage in their education, one the school board should not reject merely because of the expense involved. After all, many studies attest to the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; there is even evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become able readers. Thus, hearing books on tape can only make students more eager to read and to learn. Therefore, the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape and to use them in elementary education.”
下述文字摘自一封致某地方报纸编辑的信函。“在小学里，人们对阅读技能的培养强调得过分了。许多对孤独的阅读活动望而却步的学生无心专注于学业，仅仅是因为他们阅读能力薄弱。但是，录制在盒式录音磁带上的书本内容却可以向学生在其教育中如此关键的这一阶段提供另外一个重要的选择方案。对于这一方案，校董事会不能纯粹因为所涉及到的费用而予以摈弃。不管怎么说，许多研究均可验证让学生聆听大声朗诵书本内容这一做法的价值。甚至还不乏这样的证据，即有些学生，由于其父母将书本内容朗读给他们听，就更有可能成为阅读能力很强的人。因此，在盒式录音磁带上听书本内容只会使学生更迫切地去阅读和学习。故校董事会应该鼓励学校去购置磁带书本，并将其应用于小学教学之中。”
Argument 156
The following is taken from an advertisement placed in a weekly business magazine by the Dickens Academy。 "We distributed a survey to senior management at International Mega-Publishing, Inc. The result of the survey clearly indicates that many employees were well prepared in business knowledge and computer skills, but lacked interpersonal skills to interact gracefully with customers. International Mega-Publishing decided to improve customer satisfaction by sending their newly hired employees to our one-day seminars. Since taking advantage of our program, International Mega-Publishing has seen a sharp increase in sales, an indication that the number of their disgruntled customers has declined significantly. Your company should hire Dickens and let us turn every employee into an ambassador for your company.”
下述文字摘自Dickens学校在某商业周刊投放的一则广告 .“我们向国际Mega出版公司的高级管理层分发了一项调查。该调查的结果明显表明，许多员工在商业知识和电脑技能方面绰绰有余，但缺乏人际交流的技能来与客户作优雅的互动交流。国际Mega出版公司便决定将其新雇的员工送往我们为期一天的研修班，以期提高客户满意度。自从利用了我们学校的培训计划之后，国际Mega出版公司的销售量直线上升，这标志着他们心怀不满的客户的数量已大幅度下降。贵公司应该雇用Dickens学院来为您提供培训，让我们将每一位员工都转变为贵公司的一位大使。"Argument 157
The following is a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. "As a local merchant, I wish to support the development of a ski resort in the state park north of our township. Along with many other merchants who favor the proposal by Ski the Slopes, Incorporated, I would, of course, experience a growth in my business. But I also know how much more prosperous, not to mention lively and interesting, our community would be if tourism increased. Since the main opposition comes from a few environmentalists* who do not even live in this community, I see no reason to give in to their views. The First National Bank has finally researched the project and agreed to fund it. As a result, I see no reason to delay development of the resort.”
Environmentalists are people who advocate the preservation of the natural environment. 下述文字摘自一封致某地方报纸编辑的信函。“作为一个当地商人，我希望对位于我镇北部州立公园内的滑雪场的开发表示支持。当然，和其他那些拥护Ski the Slopes公司所提出的商业方案的商人一样，我将获得业务上的增长。但我也知道，如果旅游业得以发展，我们的社区将会变得多么的更加繁荣，不用提多么的生气蓬勃和引人入胜。既然主要的反对意见来自为数不多的几个并不居住在本社区的环保分子，我觉得没有理由屈服于他们的观点。第一国家银行最终对该项目进行了调查，同意为其提供资助。这样，我认为没有理由来推迟该滑雪场的开发。”
Argument 158
The Trash-Site Safety Council has recently conducted a statewide study of possible harmful effects of garbage sites on the health of people living near the sites. A total of five sites and 300
people were examined. The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between the proximity of homes to garbage sites and the incidence of unexplained rashes among people living in these homes. Furthermore, although it is true that people living near the largest trash sites had a slightly higher incidence of the rashes, there was otherwise no correlation between the size of the garbage sites and people's health. Therefore, the council is pleased to announce that the current system of garbage sites does not pose a significant health hazard. We see no need to restrict the size of such sites in our state or to place any restrictions on the number of homes built near the sites.垃圾场安全委员会最近在全州范围内进行了一项调查，旨在研究垃圾场对居住在附近的居民的身体有可能产生的有害影响。被调查的有五座垃圾场以及300多位居民。研究表明，平均而言，居所紧挨着垃圾场这一事实与这些居所中所居住人口发生的无法解释的疹子之间，仅存在着一种微弱的数据关系。此外，虽然居住在最大的垃圾场附近的居民发疹的程度略高这一事实属实，但在其他方面，垃圾场的大小与人们的健康之间毫无关系。因此，委员会可以甚为欣慰地宣布，目前这套垃圾场体制并不会对健康构成一项重大危险。我们认为毫无必要去限制本州内这类垃圾场的规模，也没有必要去限制垃圾堆附近所建造的房屋数量.Argument 159
The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.Claria国地域广大。但是，虽然该国地理差别巨大，许多公民都深感电费日益上涨。对Claria国的家庭电费所作的一项近期研究表明，那些仅仅使用电风扇来为其住房降温的家庭，其电费远高于那些仅使用空调来降温的家庭。但是，那些电扇与空调兼用的家庭，其电费要低于纯粹只用电扇或纯粹只用空调的家庭。因此，Claria的公民应该遵循该项研究的建议，既使用空调也使用电扇，以便节约电费。Argument 160
As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. The use of these compounds should be extended to students who have poor memory and difficulty in concentrating—and therefore serious problems in school performance. Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.随着人们日渐衰老，一种被称为PEP的酶会不断地分解学习与记忆过程中所涉及到的神经肽化学物。但现在，研究人员已发现了可阻止PEP致使神经肽分裂的化合物。在测试中，这些化合物几乎在老鼠身上能完全恢复缺失的记忆。这些化合物的运用应该也推广到记忆力衰弱或专注力有困难的学生身上，不然将会造成学业表现上的严重问题。科学终于解决了那些令家长和老师束手无策的问题。”
Argument 161
In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.在一项由Leeville大学就Leeville市民阅读习惯所作的研究中，大多数受访对象称,他们偏爱将文学名著作为其阅读材料。但是，由相同的研究人员所作的一项跟踪调查却发现，每个公共图书馆外借得最频繁的图书均为志怪小说类。因此，我们可以得出这样的结论，即第一项研究中的受访对象没能如实地描述出他们的阅读习惯。Argument 162
A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9
times more chronic fatigue and 31
times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20
grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression.一项最近的研究表明，居住在北美大陆上的人们要比居住在亚洲大陆上的人们患慢性疲倦和慢性忧郁症的比例分别超出9倍和31倍。有意思的是，亚洲人平均每天要吃20克的大豆，而北美洲人却几乎一点都不吃。研究表明，大豆含有被称为异黄酮的植物化学物，这些植物化学物经科学家研究，发现拥有防病特性。因此，北美洲人应该考虑经常性食用大豆，以此作为一种防止疲劳和压抑的方法。Argument 163
The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham. "In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating income for the town of Rockingham.”
下述文字摘自Rockingham地方报纸的社论部分."Claitown大学需要为学生提供较为廉价的住房，以及需要寻找到一种方法，来为建造此类住房提供资金。解决这一问题的最佳方案是将建筑设计委托给一位以实验性和未来主义建筑风格著称的建筑设计师。众所周知，观光旅游者均愿意花钱去游览该建筑师设计的某些建筑，因此，我们可以预料，游人将会参观这一新建大楼。从向游人收取的费用中产生的收益将很快就涵盖建造成本。此外，这样一座建筑将吸引新学生来就读，也能吸引校友的捐款。虽然这样一座建筑规模之大会超出我们目前学生住房的需要，但大楼的部分区域可以用作办公空间。。"Argument 164
Claitown University needs both affordable housing for its students and a way to fund the building of such housing. The best solution to this problem is to commission a famous architect known for experimental and futuristic buildings. It is common knowledge that tourists are willing to pay money to tour some of the architect's buildings, so it can be expected that tourists will want to visit this new building. The income from the fees charged to tourists will soon cover the building costs. Furthermore, such a building will attract new students as well as donations from alumni. And even though such a building will be much larger than our current need for student housing, part of the building can be used as office space. Claitown大学需要为学生提供较为廉价的住房，以及需要寻找到一种方法，来为建造此类住房提供资金。解决这一问题的最佳方案是将建筑设计委托给一位以实验性和未来主义建筑风格著称的建筑设计师。众所周知，观光旅游者均愿意花钱去游览该建筑师设计的某些建筑，因此，我们可以预料，游人将会参观这一新建大楼。从向游人收取的费用中产生的收益将很快就涵盖建造成本。此外，这样一座建筑将吸引新学生来就读，也能吸引校友的捐款。虽然这样一座建筑规模之大会超出我们目前学生住房的需要，但大楼的部分区域可以用作办公空间。Argument 165
The following appeared in a business magazine. "As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods."A 下述文字摘自某份商业杂志。 作为一种治疗失眠的民间偏方，熏衣草花卉的芳香已被证明有其疗效。在近期的一项研究中，有30名志愿者——他们全都患有长期失眠症——在一间控制室内连续三周每晚都枕着有熏衣草花香的枕头就寝。科研人员对他们的睡眠状况进行了全程监测。第一星期，志愿者们继续服用他们平常服用的安眠药。他们睡得很香，但第二天醒来时感觉疲惫。第二周，志愿者们停止服用安眠药，结果是，他们睡得没有上个星期那么香，并觉得更为疲惫。至第三周，志愿者们睡眠的时间比前两个星期更长，且睡得更香。这表明，在一个较短的时间内，熏衣草已治愈了失眠症。”
（注：所谓偏方常指一种基于植物的治疗形式，为传统医疗形式所普遍采用，它们形成于现代医疗服务和技术出现之前。）。”
Argument 166
The following appeared in a local newspaper. "People should not be misled by the advertising competition between Coldex and Cold-Away, both popular over-the-counter cold medications that anyone can purchase without a doctor's prescription. Each brand is accusing the other of causing some well-known, unwanted side effect: Coldex is known to contribute to existing high blood pressure and Cold-Away is known to cause drowsiness. But the choice should be clear for most health-conscious people: Cold-Away has been on the market for much longer and is used by more hospitals than is Coldex. Clearly, Cold-Away is more effective.”
下述文字摘自某份地方报纸。 “民众不应该被Coldex和Cold-Away这两种药品之间的广告竞赛所误导，这两者均是任何人可在任何商店不需要大夫处方便可直接购买的、时下甚为流行的感冒药。每一种药都指责对方会引起某些众所周知的、令人生厌的副作用：Coldex会使既有的高血压症每况愈下，而Cold-Away则会引起嗜睡症。但是，对于大多数健康意识强烈的人们来说，他们所应作出的选择将是不言而喻的：Cold-Away药进入市场的时间比Coldex远长得多，且在更多的医院推广使用。显而易见，Cold-Away药具有更好的疗效。”
Argument 167
A folk remedy* for insomnia, the scent in lavender flowers, has now been proved effective. In a recent study, 30
volunteers with chronic insomnia slept each night for three weeks on lavender-scented pillows in a controlled room where their sleep was monitored. During the first week, volunteers continued to take their usual sleeping medication. They slept soundly but wakened feeling tired. During the second week, the volunteers discontinued their medication. As a result, they slept less soundly than the previous week and felt even more tired. During the third week, the volunteers slept longer and more soundly than in the previous two weeks. This shows that over a short period of time lavender cures insomnia. 作为一种治疗失眠的民间偏方，熏衣草花卉的芳香已被证明有其疗效。在近期的一项研究中，有30名志愿者——他们全都患有长期失眠症——在一间控制室内连续三周每晚都枕着有熏衣草花香的枕头就寝。科研人员对他们的睡眠状况进行了全程监测。第一星期，志愿者们继续服用他们平常服用的安眠药。他们睡得很香，但第二天醒来时感觉疲惫。第二周，志愿者们停止服用安眠药，结果是，他们睡得没有上个星期那么香，并觉得更为疲惫。至第三周，志愿者们睡眠的时间比前两个星期更长，且睡得更香。这表明，在一个较短的时间内，熏衣草已治愈了失眠症。”
（注：所谓偏方常指一种基于植物的治疗形式，为传统医疗形式所普遍采用，它们形成于现代医疗服务和技术出现之前。）Argument 168
Typically, as people age, their bone mass decreases, making them more vulnerable to bone fractures. A recent study concludes that the most effective way to reduce the risk of fractures in later life is to take twice the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium daily. The three-year study followed a group of French women in their eighties who were nursing-home residents. The women were given daily supplements of twice the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium. In addition, the women participated in a light weightlifting program. After three years, these women showed a much lower rate of hip fractures than is average for their age.普遍而言，随着人们日趋衰老，他们的骨质会减少，使其更易于招致骨折。一项近期的研究结论是，晚年生活中减少骨折风险的最有效方法是每日服用两倍于大夫所建议的维生素D和钙。此项为期三年的研究追踪了一组年届八旬的法国妇女，她们均为私人疗养院居民。这些妇女每天均被给予两倍于大夫建议的维生素D和钙剂量的补充药物。此外，这些妇女还参加了一项轻微的举重计划。三年之后，这些妇女显示出了比其年龄段平均发病率远低得多的臀部骨折。Argument 169
The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University. "Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers.”
下述文字取自Pierce大学某系主任致校长的一封信。"由同样也是坐落于某一小镇的Bronston学院所作的某些研究表明，无论是男性教授还是女性教授，当其配偶也受雇于同一地理区域时，他（她）们生活在小镇才会较为幸福。因此，为了吸引最才华横溢的教师和科研人员来我系，也为了振奋我系全体教职工的士气，我们在Pierce大学应向我们聘用的每一位新教职工的配偶提供就业。虽然我们无法期待所提供的每个就业机会都被接受，或被视作理想的岗位选择，但投入到该项尝试中的资金显然会物有所值，因为倘若其配偶能享受就业机会，新教授们将更有可能接受我们的聘任。"Argument 170
For the past five years, consumers in California have been willing to pay twice as much for oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast as for Gulf Coast oysters. This trend began shortly after harmful bacteria were found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. But scientists have now devised a process for killing the bacteria. Once consumers are made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they are likely to be willing to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, and greater profits for Gulf Coast oyster producers will follow.在过去的五年里，加州的消费者宁肯付高出墨西哥湾沿岸牡蛎一倍的价钱去购买大西洋北海岸的牡蛎。在发现墨西哥湾沿岸几例生牡蛎具有有害细菌后不久，就开始了这种倾向。但是，科学家现在已经发明了杀死这种细菌的方法。一旦使消费者明白墨西哥湾沿岸牡蛎已增强的安全性，他们可能会愿意付与大西洋北海岸牡蛎相同的价格去购买墨西哥湾沿岸的牡蛎，随之而来的就是墨西哥湾沿岸的牡蛎生产者更大的利润.Argument 171
The following appeared in a memo from the marketing director of Bargain Brand Cereals. "One year ago we introduced our first product, 'Bargain Brand' breakfast cereal. Our very low prices quickly drew many customers away from the top-selling cereal companies. Although the companies producing the top brands have since tried to compete with us by lowering their prices, and although several plan to introduce their own budget brands, not once have we needed to raise our prices to continue making a profit. Given our success selling cereal, Bargain Brand should now expand its business and begin marketing other low-priced food products as quickly as possible.”
下文出自“特价谷类食品”公司销售部经理的备忘录：“一年前，我们推出了我们的第一个产品：“特价谷类食品”早餐系列。我们非常低的价位很快就从销量最好的食品公司吸引了众多顾客。尽管那些生产优质食品的公司继而降低产品价格试图与我们竞争，而且有几次计划推广他们自己的廉价产品，但是我们从未需要靠提高价格来维持赢利。考虑到我们销售食品的成功，“特价谷类食品”公司现在应该扩大它的业务，开始尽快地把其他低价食品推向市场。”
Argument 172
The Mozart School of Music should obviously be the first choice of any music student aware of its reputation. First of all, the Mozart School stresses intensive practice and training, so that students typically begin their training at a very young age. Second, the school has ample facilities and up-to-date professional equipment, and its faculty includes some of the most distinguished music teachers in the world. Finally, many Mozart graduates have gone on to be the best known and most highly paid musicians in the nation. 下述文字摘自《Pine市报》。莫扎特音乐学校显而易见应该成为任何意识到其名望的音乐学生的首选。首先，莫扎特学校强调深度的练习与训练，因此学生们普遍在一个较早的年龄开展其音乐训练。其次，该校拥有充足的设施和先进的训练设备，该校的教员中囊括了世界上几位最著名的音乐教师。最后，许多莫扎特学校的毕业生继续深造，后来得以成为我国最著名的和收入最丰厚的音乐家。”
Argument 173
The following is a memorandum issued by the publisher of a newsmagazine, Newsbeat, in the country of Dinn. "Our poorest-selling magazine issues over the past three years were those that featured international news stories on their front covers. Over the same period, competing news-magazines have significantly decreased the number of cover stories that they devote to international news. Moreover, the cost of maintaining our foreign bureaus to report on international news is increasing. Therefore, we should decrease our emphasis on international news and refrain from displaying such stories on our magazine covers..”
下述文字摘自Dinn国一份新闻杂志Newsbeat出版商的一份备忘录。“在过去3年中，我们销量最差的几期杂志是那几期在首页封面上刊登了国际新闻故事的杂志。在同一时期，与我们竞争的其他几家新闻杂志大大减少了它们专门用来报道国际新闻的封面故事的数量。此外，维持报道国际新闻的海外部门的费用也呈上升趋势。因此，我们应该减少我们报道国际新闻的力度。并力避在我们杂志封面上展示这类故事。”
Argument 174
The following recommendation was made by the president and administrative staff of Grove College, a private institution, to the college's governing committee. "We recommend that Grove College preserve its century-old tradition of all-female education rather than admit men into its programs. It is true that a majority of faculty members voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more students to apply to Grove. But eighty percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by the student government wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumni who answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation. Keeping the college all-female, therefore, will improve morale among students and convince alumni to keep supporting the college financially.”
下面的建议是格罗夫学院——一个私营机构——院长和管理人员写给学院和管理委员会的。 “我们建议，格罗夫学院坚持其具有百年传统的全女生教育，不接受男生入学。的确，大多数教师表决赞成男女同校，说这样可以鼓励更多的学生申请就读于格罗夫学院。但是，由学生管理机构进行的调查表明，百分之八十的学生希望学校坚持全女生教育，而且在另一个单独的调查中，过半的校友反对男女同校。因此，保持学院全女生教育，会在学生中振奋精神面貌，并促使校友继续从财力上支持学院。”
Argument 175
The following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of Centerville. "All students should be required to take the driver's education course at Centerville High School. In the past two years several accidents in and around Centerville have involved teenage drivers. Since a number of parents in Centerville have complained that they are too busy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure that these teenagers are safe drivers. Although there are two driving schools in Centerville, parents on a tight budget cannot afford to pay for driving instruction. Therefore an effective and mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this serious problem.”
下文出自一封致森特维尔镇学校董事会的信函： “所有在森特维尔高中就读的学生，都要求修司机教育课程。在过去的两年里，在森特维尔镇内或周围所发生的几起事故，都是十多岁的青少年司机。由于森特维尔的一些父母抱怨说，他们太忙不能教他们十几岁的孩子开车，因此其它某个机构就有必要采取措施保证这些十几岁的司机是安全的。尽管在林特维尔有两所司机学校，但是经济拮据的父母付不起学习开车的费用，因此，我们高中开设一门有效的且必修的课程，是解决该严重问题的唯一办法。”
Argument 176
The following is a memorandum from the sales director to the president of the Healthy-and-Good food company. "A recent study indicates that Venadial, a new margarine currently produced only in the country of Alta, actually reduces cholesterol levels. Derived from the resin of pine trees, Venadial works by activating a metabolic response that is not yet well understood. However, cholesterol levels fell ten to fifteen percent among participants in the study who consumed Venadial daily, and the risk of heart attack by one-third. In addition, the new margarine is so popular that stores in Alta are unable to keep it on their shelves. Therefore, if our company obtains the exclusive right to sell Venadial internationally, our profits are sure to increase substantially within a very short time.”
下文为销售主任致健康食品公司总裁的备忘录。 “最近的一项研究表明，Venadial产品，一种目前仅在Alta国生产制造的新人造黄油，实际上能降低胆固醇的含量。Venadial从松树的树脂中提取，其作用原理是激活一种尚未被充分理解的代谢应答。但是，在那些每日服用Venadial产品的该项研究的参加者中，胆固醇的含量下降了10－15％，心脏病的发病风险也下降了三分之一。此外，新的人造黄油如此广受欢迎，以致于Alta国的商店货架上供不应求。因此，如果本公司获得在国际上销售Venadial产品的专卖权，那么，我公司肯定能在很短的时间内大幅度提高利润。”
Argument 177
The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper. "Membership in Oak City's Civic Club—a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues—should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years.”
下文为最近发表在一份地方报纸《橡木市报》上的一封信函。 "橡木市市民俱乐部是一个以讨论当地问题为主旨的俱乐部，其会员资格应继续限于那些在橡木市居住的居民。那些在橡木市工作但居住他乡的人并不能真正理解本市的商务与政治。将会员资格限制于本市居民是极为重要的，因为只有本市居民才付城市税，因此也只有本地居民才理解资金应如何能被最好地用来改善本市的条件。不管怎么说，以这种方式来限制会员资格不可能使许多受雇于橡木市的非居民失望，因为附近的榆木市市民俱乐部一直执行着一种开放性的会员资格政策，但在过去的10年中仅有25个非居民加入了榆木市的俱乐部。”
Argument 178
The following appeared in the annual report from the president of the National Brush Company. "In order to save money, we at the National Brush Company have decided to pay our employees for each brush they produce instead of for the time they spend producing brushes. We believe that this policy will lead to the production of more and better brushes, will allow us to reduce our staff size, and will enable the company factories to operate for fewer hours—resulting in savings on electricity and security costs. These changes will ensure that the best workers keep their jobs and that the company will earn a profit in the coming year.”
下文摘自国家制刷公司总裁的年度报告。"为了省钱，我们国家制刷公司决定按每位雇员制刷数量计付工资，而不是按他们制刷所花的时间付酬。我们相信，这一政策将致使生产更多、更好的刷子，将使我们缩减工作人员，并将使公司的工厂工作时间缩减，其结果是节省用电和安全费用。这些变化，将会保证那些最优秀的工人继续有工作，公司在来年将获得利润。”
Argument 179
The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation. "It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, its prices have risen in each of the last three years, and it refuses to provide meals for people on special diets. Just last month three employees complained to me that they no longer eat in the cafeteria because they find the experience 'unbearable.' Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is a family-owned local company and it offers a varied menu of fish and poultry. I recently tasted a sample lunch at one of the many companies that Discount serves and it was delicious—an indication that hiring Discount will lead to improved employee satisfaction.”
下述文字取自Cedar公司人事主任写给总裁的一份备忘录. “明年重新聘用Good-Taste公司来为我们职工食堂提供食物将是一大错误。该公司是本市第二最贵的餐饮承办商。此外，其价格在最近的三年中每年都在上涨，并且它拒绝为进行特种节食者供餐。就在上个月，三个职工向我投诉说，他们已不再在食堂就餐，因为他们觉得这一体验无可忍受。我们公司应相反聘用Discount食物公司。Discount公司是一家家庭所有制的当地公司，提供鱼禽等品种多样的菜谱。最近我在Discount公司所开设的许多家公司中的一家品尝了一份午饭样品，它味道美味可口——这标志着聘用Discount公司将会给本公司带来更大程度上的员工满意度。"Argument 180
The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company. "Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in only two hours; another graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. Obviously, the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover, Easy Read costs only $500
per employee—a small price to pay when you consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly by requiring all of our employees to take the Easy Read course.”
下文是人事部主任给阿克默出版公司总裁的建议信。 “其他许多公司最近声称，让雇员参加简易阅读快速阅读课程使他们大大地提高了工作效率。有一位本课程结业者可以在两小时内阅读一篇500页的报告；另一位结业者在不到一年内从经理助理晋升为公司副总裁。显然，一个人阅读得越快，他/她在一个工作日内所获取的信息量也越多。而且，简易阅读课程仅花费每位雇员500美元——一旦考虑到它会给阿克默公司带来的利润，这仅是一项微不足道的开支。包含在该费用内的尚有在Spruce城举行的三周研讨会以及终生赠阅的简易阅读快报。很清楚，阿克默公司如果要求其所有雇员参加简易阅读课程班学习，将会获益匪浅。”
Argument 181
From a letter to the editor of a city newspaper. “One recent research study has indicated that many adolescents need more sleep than they are getting, and another study has shown that many high school students in our city are actually dissatisfied with their own academic performance. As a way of combating these problems, the high schools in our city should begin classes at 8:30
A.M. instead of 7:30
A.M., and end the school day an hour later. This arrangement will give students an extra hour of sleep in the morning, thereby making them more alert and more productive. Consequently, the students will perform better on tests and other assignments, and their academic skills will improve significantly.”
下述文字摘自一封致某家市报的信函："最近一项调查研究表明，许多青少年需要得到比他们现在更多的睡眠；另一项调查表明，我市许多高中生实际上对他们自己的学业并不满意。作为解决这些问题的方法，我市高中应该在上午8:30开始上课，晚一个小时放学。这一安排将在早晨给学生提供多一个小时的睡眠，从而使他们更精力充沛、学习更加有效。这样，学生将在考试和其他作业上表现得更好，他们的学业将会极大地改观。”
Argument 182
Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2
percent of customers have complained, indicating that 98
people out of 100
are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who still ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish margarine from butter, or they use the term "butter”
to refer to either butter or margarine. Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing butter, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants in the southeast and northeast as well.在美国西南部幸福饼屋餐馆里，黄油已被麦淇淋(人造黄油)所取代。只有约百分之二的顾客有不满之辞，换言之，100个人中有98人对这种变化都感到满意。再者，许多服务生声称，一些仍然要黄油的顾客在被提供麦淇淋时并没有表示不满。显然，这些顾客要么是不能区别麦淇淋和黄油，要么就是他们用“黄油”一词既表示黄油又表示麦淇淋。因此，为了避免购买黄油的昂贵花费，幸福饼屋公司应该把这一节省费用的变化推广到东南部和东北部的餐馆。Argument 183
Many employees of major United States corporations are fearful that they will lose their jobs in the near future, but this fear is largely unfounded. According to a recent study, a majority of companies expected to make new hires in the coming year, while fewer companies expected to lay off employees. In addition, although it is very disturbing to be laid off, the proliferation of programs and of workshops designed to improve job-finding skills has made being laid off far less painful than it once was.美国各大公司里的许多雇员担心，他们会在不远的将来失去工作。但这一担心是没有根据的。依照最近的一项调查研究，大多数公司打算在来年招聘新雇员，而打算辞退雇员的公司不多。此外，尽管被辞退是非常令人恼火的，但是专为改进找工作技能而设计的培训项目和讲习班数量激增，使失业给人引起的痛苦远少于以前。Argument 184
In the Bayhead Public Library, books that are rarely borrowed continue to take up shelf space year after year, while people who want to read a recent novel frequently find that the library's only copy is checked out. Clearly, the library's plan to replace books that are borrowed no more than once a year with sufficient copies of more recent books will solve this problem. The protest we have heard since this plan was made public has come from a small, and thus unrepresentative, group of some thirty people and so should therefore be ignored。在Bayhead公共图书馆，那些很少被借阅的图书年复一年地继续占据着书架空间；相反，希望能读到近期小说的人们常常发现馆内唯一一册小说已被借走。显而易见，图书馆的一个计划——用足够册数的较近期图书替代那些借阅率不到一年一次的图书——将会解决这一问题。自本计划公布之日起，我们所听到的抗议声只是来自一个约30人的小群体，因此不具代表性，并应该忽略不计。Argument 185
The following appeared in a letter from the owner of the Sunnyside Towers apartment building to its manager. "One month ago, all the showerheads on the first five floors of Sunnyside Towers were modified to restrict the water flow to approximately 1/3
of its original force. Although actual readings of water usage before and after the adjustment are not yet available, the change will obviously result in a considerable savings for Sunnyside Corporation, since the corporation must pay for water each month. Except for a few complaints about low water pressure, no problems with showers have been reported since the adjustment. Clearly, restricting water flow throughout all the 20
floors of Sunnyside Towers will increase our profits further.”
下文取自阳光塔公寓业主给其经理的一封信：“一个月前，阳光塔公寓五层以下所有人的淋浴喷嘴都进行了改装，以便把水流控制在原水流的近三分之一。尽管在改装之前和之后的实际用水的读数目前尚未获得，但是这一变化显然会为阳光公司节省大笔开支，因为公司必须每月支付水费。除了几起投诉说水压低之外，自调整改装之后，还没有报告说有什么淋浴问题。显然，对阳光塔公寓全部20层实施限水，将进一步增加我们的利润。。”
Argument 186
The following is a recommendation from the director of personnel to the president of Professional Printing Company. "In a recent telephone survey of automobile factory workers, older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity. Among workers aged 18
to 29, 27
percent said that they are more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor, compared to 12
percent for those aged 30
or over, and only 8
percent for those aged 50
or over. Clearly, if our printing company hires mainly older employees, we will increase productivity and save money because of the reduced need for supervisors.”
下文是人事部主任给职业印刷公司总裁的建议：“在最近一次对汽车工厂工人的电话调查中，说有工头在场就能提高生产效率的年龄较大的员工相对较少。在年龄为18岁至29岁的工人当中，有27%的人说当着他们顶头上司的面会工作起来更有效率；相对而言，年龄为30岁及以上的工人，这样说的仅有12％；年龄为50岁及以上的人仅为8%。显然，倘若我们印刷公司主要雇用年岁较大的雇员，那么我们将会提高生产效率并因减少工头而节省费用。”
Argument 187
The following appeared as part of an article in a health magazine. "A new discovery warrants a drastic change in the diets of people living in the United States. Two scientists have recently suggested that omega -3
fatty acids (found in some fish and fish oils) play a key role in mental health. Our ancestors, who ate less saturated fat and more polyunsaturated fat, including omega -3
fatty acids, were much less likely to suffer from depression than we are today. Moreover, modern societies—such as those in Japan and Taiwan—that consume large quantities of fish report depression rates lower than that in the United States. Given this link between omega -3
fatty acids and depression, it is important for all people in the United States to increase their consumption of fish in order to prevent depression.”
下文是一份健康杂志上某篇文章的一部分：“一项新的发现证明，生活在美国的民众有必要在饮食上进行巨大的改变。最近有两位科学家暗示，Ω-3脂肪酸（发现于某些鱼类和鱼油中）对于大脑的健康有着重要作用。我们的祖先吃较少的饱和脂肪和较多的多不饱和脂肪，包括Ω-3脂肪酸，所以与我们今天相比，不易患忧郁症。再者，某些现代社会——例如食用大量鱼类的日本和台湾——据说比美国患忧郁症的比率低。考虑到Ω-3脂肪酸与忧郁症之间的这种联系，很有必要让所有的美国人增加食用鱼类，以便防止忧郁症。”
Argument 188
A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28
men and 20
women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.一篇新的报告表明，男人和女人感受疼痛的方式彼此不同，因此医师在开具处方治疗头痛时应考虑到这些差异。当研究人员给拔智齿的28位男性和20位女性用同样剂量的卡巴止痛药时，女性反映说她们受的疼痛比男性少，而且缓解疼痛的时间在女性身上比较长。这一研究表明，当需要止痛药时，卡巴止痛药应该给女性服用，而男性应该服用其他类型的止痛药。此外，研究人员应该根据男女差异重新评估所有药物的疗效。Argument 189
The following is a recommendation from the dean at Foley College, a small liberal arts college, to the president of the college. "Since college-bound students are increasingly concerned about job prospects after graduation, Foley College should attempt to increase enrollment by promising to find its students jobs after they graduate. Many administrators feel that this strategy is a way for Foley to compete against larger and more prestigious schools and to encourage students to begin preparing for careers as soon as they enter college. Furthermore, a student who must choose a career path within his or her first year of college and who is guaranteed a job after graduation is more likely to successfully complete the coursework that will prepare him or her for the future.”
下述文字取自一所小规模的文科学院——Foley学院——的教务主任向该院院长所提的建议。“既然行将踏入大学校门的学生对毕业后的就业前景表现出了越来越强的关注，Foley学院就应该通过承诺为其学生毕业后寻找到工作，从而努力增加入学人数。许多行政管理者都觉得，此策略对Foley学院来说不失为一种有效的途径，藉以和较大的、较著名的院校进行竞争，并鼓励学生入学之初即开始为未来的职业作准备。此外，一个在大学一年级就必须选择职业道路并被保证毕业后必能就业的学生，更有可能成功完成那份将为其未来打下牢固基础的学业。”
Argument 190
The following is a letter to the editor of the Glenville Gazette, a local newspaper. "Over the past few years, the number of people who have purchased advance tickets for the Glenville Summer Concert series has declined, indicating lack of community support. Although the weather has been unpredictable in the past few years, this cannot be the reason for the decline in advance ticket purchases, because many people attended the concerts even in bad weather. Clearly, then, the reason for the decline is the choice of music, so the organizers of the concert should feature more modern music in the future and should be sure to include music composed by Richerts, whose recordings Glenville residents purchase more often than any other contemporary recordings. This strategy will undoubtedly increase advance ticket purchases and will increase attendance at the concerts.”
下述文字摘自一封致某地方报纸《格兰维尔报》编辑的信函:“在过去的几年里，预购格兰维尔夏季系列音乐会门票的人数有所下跌，这说明社区的支持力度不够。尽管在过去的几年里天气变化出人意料，但是这并不是预购门票下跌的原因，因为许多人甚至在坏天气时照样去听音乐会。显然，下跌的原因在于对音乐的选择，所以音乐会的组织者在未来应该演奏更多的现代音乐，应该保证演奏里查兹谱写的乐曲，因为比起任何其他当代作曲家的唱片，格兰维尔的居民更经常地购买他的唱片。这一策略将保证增加门票的预购数，并将增加听音乐会的人数。”
Argument 191
The following is a letter from a professor at Xanadu College to the college's president. "The development of an extensive computer-based long-distance learning program will enhance the reputation of Xanadu College. This program would allow more students to enroll in our courses, thereby increasing our income from student tuition. Traditional courses could easily be adapted for distance learners, as was shown by the adaptation of two traditional courses for our distance learning trial project last year. Also, by using computer programs and taped lectures, faculty will have fewer classroom obligations and more time to engage in extensive research, thereby enhancing the reputation of Xanadu.”
下文取自大都学院的一位教授给院长的一封信:“开发广泛的基于计算机的远程教育项目将提高大都学院的知名度。这一项目会使更多的学生学习我们的课程，从而我们可以从学生学费中增加我们的收入。传统的课程可以容易地进行改造，供远程学生使用，正如去年有两门传统课程在远程教育试改所示。此外，通过使用计算机程序和预录的课程，教员可以减少在课堂上所花的时间，而用更多的时间来进行广泛的学术研究，从而提高大都学院的知名度。”
Argument 192
The following is a letter to the editor of the Roseville Gazette. "Despite opposition from some residents of West Roseville, the arguments in favor of merging the townships of Roseville and West Roseville are overwhelming. First, residents in both townships are confused about which authority to contact when they need a service; for example, the police department in Roseville receives many calls from residents of West Roseville. This sort of confusion would be eliminated with the merger. Second, the savings in administrative costs would be enormous, since services would no longer be duplicated: we would have only one fire chief, one tax department, one mayor, and so on. And no jobs in city government would be lost—employees could simply be reassigned. Most importantly, the merger will undoubtedly attract business investments as it did when the townships of Hamden and North Hamden merged ten years ago.”
下述文字摘自一封致《玫瑰市报》编辑的信函。“尽管西玫瑰市某些居民表示反对，但是，赞同将玫瑰市和西玫瑰市两城合并的论点占据着绝对的优势。首先，两城的居民们在需要服务时对于应该联络哪个管理当局感到茫然不解。例如，玫瑰市的警务部门经常接到来自西玫瑰市的许多电话。这种混乱状况将随着两市的合并而被消除。其次，所节省的行政开支将是巨大的，因为所提供的服务将不会重复。我们将只有一个消防队主管，一个税收部门，一个市长，等等。市政府中也不会出现失业的情况——员工们只是将被重新进行工作调配。最重要的是，这样的合并将毫无疑问地吸引商业投资，正如 10年之前，Hamden市和北Hamden市合并时所发生的那样.”
Argument 193
The Department of Education in the state of Attra recommends that high school students be assigned homework every day. Yet a recent statewide survey of high school math and science teachers calls the usefulness of daily homework into question. In the district of Sanlee, 86
percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week, whereas in the district of Marlee, less than 25
percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week. Yet the students in Marlee earn better grades overall and are less likely to be required to repeat a year of school than are the students in Sanlee. Therefore, all teachers in our high schools should assign homework no more than twice a week, if at all.Attra州教育厅建议，高中学生应该每天被布置做家庭作业。但是最近对高中数学和科学教师的一项全州范围的调查对每天做家庭作业的作用提出质疑。在三里区，百分之八十六的老师说每周布置三到五次作业，而在马里区，不到百分之二十五的老师说每周布置三到五次作业。但是马里区的学生总体成绩却比三里区的学生好而且较少需要留级。因此，我们高中所有老师如果真要给学生留作业的话，每周最多不应该超过两次。Argument 194
A recent study suggests that people who are left-handed are more likely to succeed in business than are right-handed people. Researchers studied photographs of 1,000
prominent business executives and found that 21
percent of these executives wrote with their left hand. So the percentage of prominent business executives who are left-handed (21
percent) is almost twice the percentage of people in the general population who are left-handed (11
percent). Thus, people who are left-handed would be well advised to pursue a career in business, whereas people who are right-handed would be well advised to imitate the business practices exhibited by left-handers.最近的一项调查表明，习惯用左手的人比习惯用右手的人更可能在企业里取得成功。研究人员研究了1000位优秀的企业主管的照片，发现百分之二十一的主管用左手写字。而习惯用左手的优秀企业主管的比率(21%)几乎是习惯用右手的总人数的比率(11%)的一倍。因此，那些习惯用左手的人应该在企业求职，而对于习惯用右手的人来说，模仿习惯用左手的人所表现出来的商业做法不失为一项明智之举。Argument 195
The following is a letter from an editor at Liber Publishing Company to the company's president. "In recent years, Liber has unfortunately moved away from its original mission: to publish the works of regional small-town authors instead of those of big-city authors. Just last year, 90
percent of the novels we published were written by authors who maintain a residence in a big city. Although this change must have been intended to increase profits, it has obviously backfired, because Liber is now in serious financial trouble. The only way to address this problem is to return to our original mission. If we return to publishing only the works of regional small-town authors, our financial troubles will soon be resolved.”
下述文字摘自Liber出版公司的一位编辑致公司总裁的一封信函："在最近几年中，Liber公司已经很不幸地背离了它原初的使命：出版和发行地方性小镇作家的作品，而非大都市作家的作品。仅在去年我们所出版的小说中，有90%是由那些在大城市中维持居住状况的作家创作的。尽管这一变化旨在增加盈利，但它显然适得其反，因为Liber公司现已陷入严重的财务危机。解决这一问题的唯一途径是回归到我们原初的使命。如果我们重新开始只出版地方性小镇作家的作品，我们的财务麻烦便会很快迎刃而解。"Argument 196
Sadly, widespread negative images of businesspeople have been created in large part by television. Consider the fact that, although they make up a mere 10
percent of the characters in dramatic roles on television, businesspeople are responsible for about one-fifth of all the crime on television shows. In fact, in a recent survey of television producers, only 35
percent of the television roles for businesspeople were viewed as positive ones.令人悲哀的是，电视在很大程度上为商人树立起了广泛的负面形象。不妨考虑这样一个事实，即虽然商人仅构成了电视上戏剧角色中10％的人物形象，但他们却必须对电视节目里所有犯罪行为中的约五分之一负责。事实上，在最近对电视制作人所作的一项调查中，商人的电视角色中仅有35％的电视角色被视为正面形象。Argument 197
The following appeared as part of a recommendation made by a faculty member to the president of a large university. "Never once in our 150-year history as a university have we clarified our objectives. How, then, can we hope to adapt as an institution to the new challenges facing higher education. As a first step in this evolutionary process, therefore, we should send out questionnaires asking faculty members why they teach, asking students what they want from this university, and asking former students what they gained from their own education here. When the replies come in, we can tabulate them and formulate an official statement of our educational mission. This will surely result in improved programs at our university.”
下述文字摘自一位老师向某大学校长提出的建议.“在我校150年的历史中，我们还不曾有一次清晰地定义过我们的宗旨。在这种情况下，我们又如何能够希望作为一个教育机构适应高等教育所面临的新挑战呢？因此，作为这一演变过程的第一步，我们应该分发问卷调查表，问全体教职员工们他们为什么要从事教育职业，问学生他们希望从本校获得些什么，问以前的学生他们从这里的教育中获得了什么。当人们的答案返回来时，我们就可以将它们用列表的方式整理出来，并就我们的教学使命拟定一项正式声明。这将毫无疑问地改善我校的课程。”
Argument 198
There is a general idea that a translation always fails to preserve some of the qualities that distinguish the original work—i.e., that 'something always gets lost in translation.' Writers, critics, and the general reading public unthinkingly accept this clichè. But this belief is unwarranted: translators are sometimes distinguished authors themselves, and some authors may even translate their own works. As the translator pointed out in the preface to an English version of Dante's works, the violin and the piano make different sounds, but they can play what is recognizably the same piece of music.“有一个普遍观念认为，翻译总是无法保留某些使原作显得与众不同的品质，换言之，“翻译过程中总有某些东西被遗漏掉。”作家、评论家以及广大的读者都不加思索地接受这一陈辞滥调。但这一看法毫无根据：有些时候，译者本人就是著名的作家，有些作者还亲自翻译他们自己的作品。正如《但丁作品英译本》的译者在前言中所指出的那样，小提琴和钢琴制造出来的音响不同，但它们所演奏的是清晰可辨的同一支乐曲。”
Argument 199
There is a general idea that waiters and waitresses are more likely to receive larger gratuities from large groups of people. A recent research study suggests this is not true. The researchers examined the relationship between the size of tips in restaurants and the number of meals charged on the bill. They found that, while most tips were around 15
percent, the minimum percentage considered appropriate, people dining alone tipped consistently more (19
percent) and those dining in groups of four or more tipped considerably less (13
percent) than this 15
percent standard. These results strongly suggest that people dining in a group are less likely to feel personally responsible for leaving an adequate or generous tip."一种普遍的观念认为，男女服务员更有可能从大群的人群那里获得更多的小费。最近的一项研究表明这并不属实。研究人员们分析了饭馆里小费的数额与餐费之间的关系。他们发现，虽然大多数小费为餐费的15％（被视为适当范围内的最低比例），但独自一人就餐的人所给的小费始终要比15％的标准来得高（为19％），而四个或四个以上的人一起吃饭时所给的小费始终要比15％这一标准远来得低，为13％。这些结果强列暗示，一群人一起就餐时，人们就不太可能觉得个人有责任留下一份充足的或慷慨的小费.Argument 200
Statistics collected from dentists indicate that three times more men than women faint while visiting the dentist. This evidence suggests that men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done than women are. Thus, dentists who advertise to attract patients should target the male consumer and emphasize both the effectiveness of their anesthetic techniques and the sensitivity of their staff to nervous or suffering patients.从牙科医生们那里收集到的数据显示，在看牙科医生时，三倍于女性的男性会晕过去。这一证据暗示，与女性相比，男性对进行牙科作业更有可能产生心理压力。因此，通过做广告而吸引患者的牙医应该将重点放在男性患者身上，并且强调他们麻醉技术的有效性以及诊所的工作人员对那些神经紧张或遭受着痛苦心理折磨的患者的敏感性。Argument 201
The citizens of Forsythe have adopted healthier lifestyles. Their responses to a recent survey show that in their eating habits they conform more closely to government nutritional recommendations than they did ten years ago. Furthermore, there has been a fourfold increase in sales of food products containing kiran, a substance that a scientific study has shown reduces cholesterol. This trend is also evident in reduced sales of sulia, a food that few of the healthiest citizens regularly eat.Forsythe 的公民们已采用了较为健康的生活方式。从他们对一项近期的调查所作的回答来看，在其饮食习惯方面，他们比10多年前更密切地遵循着政府的营养建议。此外，在含有kiran——一种经科学研究证明可减少胆固醇的物质——的食品的销售中，已出现了四成的增长。这一趋势也明显体现于sulia的销售下降中，而sulia则是最健康的公民通常几乎不会食用的一种食品。Argument 202
Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000
years ago, and within 3,000
years most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands had become extinct. Yet humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions, because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals. Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals. Therefore, some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions.人类约在7,000年之前抵达Kaliko群岛，在3,000年不到的时间内大多数栖息在Kaliko群岛森林中的大型哺乳动物物种已宣告灭绝。然而，人类的存在不可能是导致这些物种灭绝的一个因素，因为没有任何证据可证明人类与哺乳动物之间有过任何重大的接触。此外，考古学家还发现了多个有鱼骨遭弃置的遗址，但他们却没有发现含有大型哺乳动物骨头的这类遗址，故人类不可能曾猎杀过哺乳动物。因此，肯定是某种气候变迁或其他的环境因素导致了这些物种的灭绝。Argument 203
The following appeared in a newspaper feature story. "At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals.”
下述文字摘自某报纸主题故事。"在Saluda镇那座规模不大的非盈利性医院，病人住院的平均长度仅为两天；而在邻近的Megaville市的那家大型盈利性医院，病人住院的平均长度则是6天。此外，Saluda医院的病人治愈率大约是Megaville市医院的两倍。Saluda医院里员工与病人的比例也高于Megaville市医院，并且在这所地方医院，患者对服务质量的投诉也极少。所有这些数据均表明，小型非盈利性医院的医疗要比大型盈利性医院的医疗来得更加质优价廉。"Argument 204
The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a farming publication. "With continuing publicity about the need for healthful diets, and with new research about the harmful effects of eating too much sugar, nationwide demand for sugar will no doubt decline. Therefore, farmers in our state should use the land on which they currently grow sugar cane to grow peanuts, a food that is rich in protein and low in sugar. Farmers in the neighboring country of Palin greatly increased their production of peanuts last year, and their total revenues from that crop were quite high.”
下述文字摘自一封致某农村出版物的编辑的信函：“随着持续不断的有关健康饮食必要性的宣传，以及对食用过多糖份所带来的有害后果所作的新研究，全国范围内对糖的需求量将会下降。因此，本州农民应该将目前用来种植甘蔗的土地改为种植花生这种蛋白质含量高而糖份含量低的作物。邻国Palin的农民去年大幅度增加了其花生的生产，且他们从这一作物中获得的总收益十分可观。”
Argument 205
The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce. "Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime, we should install such lighting throughout Amburg. By reducing crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city.”
下述文字摘自Amburge商会主席的一份书面建议。“去年10月，Belleville市在其中央商务区安装了高密度的照明系统，那里毁坏公共设施的行为几乎即刻下降。Amburg市最近已开始实行警察骑着自行车在其商务区进行巡察的制度，但毁坏公共设施的比例依然居高不下。既然高密度照明系统显然是最有效的方法来与犯罪行为作斗争，我们就应该在Amburg市的所有地方安装此类照明系统。通过以这种方式减少犯罪，我们便能为本市越来越不景气的各个社区重新注入活力。”
Argument 206
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper。 "Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000
of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine.”
下述文字摘至一封致《 Parkville日报》某编辑的信函 .“去年在我们整个国家，由于越来越多的9岁以下的孩子参加了青少年联赛的垒球和足球运动，这些年轻球员中有不止80，000多人受伤。在接受某项近期的研究的访谈时，若干大城市中青少年联赛的垒球运动员称，他们承受着来自教练和家长的赢球压力。此外，教育专家称，这些体育运动员所需的漫长训练期耗费了原本可用于学习活动的时间。既然弊明显大于利，我们在Parkille 市就应该停止9岁以下的儿童进行有组织的体育竞赛。"Argument 207
It is known that in recent years, industrial pollution has caused the Earth's ozone layer to thin, allowing an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. At the same time, scientists have discovered, the population of a species of salamander that lays its eggs in mountain lakes has declined. Since ultraviolet radiation is known to be damaging to delicate tissues and since salamander eggs have no protective shells, it must be the case that the increase in ultraviolet radiation has damaged many salamander eggs and prevented them from hatching. This process will no doubt cause population declines in other species, just as it has in the salamander species. Environmentalists are people who advocate the preservation of the natural environment.众所周知，在最近的几年中，工业污染已导致地球的臭氧层变得日益稀薄，致使到达地球表面的紫外线辐射量增加。同时，科学家们发现，一种在山间湖泊里产卵的物种——蝾螈——的种群数量已出现减少。由于紫外线辐射会破坏纤薄的组织，且由于蝾螈的卵没有任何保护性外壳，情况肯定是，紫外线辐射的增加已毁灭了大量的蝾螈卵，使他们无法被孵化。这一过程无疑会导致其他物种的种群数量下降，正如它已导致了蝾螈物种的数量下降那样。Argument 208
The following appeared in a memorandum from the planning department of an electric power company. "Several recent surveys indicate that homeowners are increasingly eager to conserve energy and manufacturers are now marketing many home appliances, such as refrigerators and air conditioners, that are almost twice as energy-efficient as those sold a decade ago. Also, new technologies for better home insulation and passive solar heating are readily available to reduce the energy needed for home heating. Therefore, we anticipate that the total demand for electricity in our area will not increase, and may decline slightly. Since our three electric generating plants in operation for the past 20
years have always met our needs, construction of new generating plants should not be necessary.”
下述文字摘自某电力公司规划部门的一份备忘录."近期的几项调查显示，房主们越来越迫切地想节约能源，而制造商们现在正在销售许多诸如电冰箱和空调一类比10年前几乎能节约能源两倍的家用电器。此外，有助于获得更佳家庭绝缘效果和被动太阳能供热的新技术也是唾手可得，用以减少家庭供热所需的能源。因此，我们预期我们地区电力总需求将不会增加，甚至会略降。既然我们过去20年中一直在运行的三座发电厂总是能满足我们的需求，新发电厂的建造将是不必要的."Argument 209
The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company “In the last three quarters of this year, under the leadership of our president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably. Thus, we should ask for her resignation in return for a generous severance package. In Pat's place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings. Rosa is currently president of Starlight Jewelry, a company whose profits have increased dramatically over the past several years. Although we will have to pay Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably.”
下述文字摘自人力资源经理致新奇玩具公司董事会的一份提案"在本年度的过去三个季度中，在公司总裁Pat Salvo领导下，我们的利润已发生严重下滑。因此，我们应请求她辞职，以换取一份丰厚的一揽子离职福利。我们将任命Rosa Winnings来取代她的位置。Rosa 女士现任星光珠宝公司的总裁，她所领导的公司在过去的几年内利润取得了戏剧性的增长。虽然我们将不得不向Rosa女士支付高出Pat薪水两倍的工资，但这将非常值得，因为我们可以预期我们的利润不日将大幅度攀升。"Argument 210
The following is a letter to the editor of a news magazine. "Clearly, the successful use of robots on missions to explore outer space in the past 20
years demonstrates that robots could be increasingly used to perform factory work more effectively, efficiently, and profitably than human factory workers. The use of robots in factories would offer several advantages. First, robots never get sick, so absenteeism would be reduced. Second, robots do not make mistakes, so factories would increase their output. Finally, the use of robots would also improve the morale of factory workers, since factory work can be so boring that many workers would be glad to shift to more interesting kinds of tasks.”
下述文字摘自一封致某新闻杂志编辑的信函。　　“显而易见，在过去20年中，人类成功地使用机器人执行探索外层空间的使命足以证明，机器人可被越来越多地用来从事工厂工作。与工厂的人类工人相比，机器人的工作将更为有效、高效和划算。机器人在工厂中的使用将会带来诸多裨益。首先，机器人永远也不会生病，因此旷工现象将会减少。其次，机器人不可能失误，因此工厂可提高产量。最后，机器人的使用也能改善工厂工人的士气，因为工厂的工作会如此枯燥乏味，以致于许多工人会非常乐意转而去从事更有意思的工种。”
Argument 211
The following appeared in a memorandum to faculty from the academic vice president of Waymarsh University. "So that we can better accomplish Waymarsh University's academic goals, we should adopt the job-opportunity (job-op) program offered at Plateau Technical College and strongly encourage all students at Waymarsh to participate in it. The success of the job-op program at Plateau is evident: over the past two years, more than 75% of the freshmen at Plateau have enrolled in the optional job-op program. Moreover, at Plateau, the grades of job-op students are consistently higher than those of other students, 90% of the job-op students receive job offers within a month after their graduation, and most former job-op students report much success in their careers.”
下述文字摘自Waymarsh大学学术副校长致教职员工的一份备忘录。“为了更好地实现Waymarsh大学的学术目标，我们应该采用高原技工学院所提供的“工作机会计划”，并竭力鼓励Waymarsh大学的所有学生参与到此项计划中来。高原技工学院“工作机会计划”的成功是显而易见的：在过去两年中，高原技工学院75%以上的新生报名参加了这一选修课性质的“工作机会计划”。此外，在高原技工学院，参加“工作机会计划”的学生的成绩一直要比其他学生的成绩高；有90%的“工作机会计划”学生在其毕业后的一个月内就获得工作聘任书，而大多数前“工作机会计划”学生也宣称他们的职业生涯极为成功。”
Argument 212
The following appeared in a memorandum from the new president of the Patriot car manufacturing company。 “
In the past, the body styles of Patriot cars have been old-fashioned, and our cars have not sold as well as have our competitors' cars. But now, since many regions in this country report rapid increases in the numbers of newly licensed drivers, we should be able to increase our share of the market by selling cars to this growing population. Thus, we should discontinue our oldest models and concentrate instead on manufacturing sporty cars. We can also improve the success of our marketing campaigns by switching our advertising to the Youth Advertising agency, which has successfully promoted the country's leading soft drink.”
下述文字摘自爱国者汽车制造公司新总裁的一份备忘录。“过去，爱国者汽车的车身款式陈旧不堪，我们的汽车销售状况远不如我们竞争对手的汽车。但现在，鉴于在本国的许多地区新近获得驾驶执照的司机数量激增，我们就有可能通过将汽车推销给这部分不断增长的人口，从而来增加我们的市场份额。因此，我们必须中止我们最古老的车型，将注意力转而集中在运动型汽车的制造上。此外，我们也应将我们的广告事务转交给青年广告公司来代理，以提高我们营销活动的成功。众所周知，青年广告公司有着成功促销本国首屈一指的软饮料品牌的经验。”
Argument 213
The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Armchair Video, a chain of video rental stores. "Because of declining profits, we must reduce operating expenses at Armchair Video's ten video rental stores. Raising prices is not a good option, since we are famous for our special bargains. Instead, we should reduce our operating hours. Last month our store in downtown Marston reduced its hours by closing at 6:00
P.M. rather than 9:00
P.M. and reduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any film released more than two years ago. Since we have received very few customer complaints about these new policies, we should now adopt them at all other Armchair Video stores as our best strategies for improving profits.”
下述文字摘自Armchair Video——一家音像制品出租连锁店——店主的备忘录."由于利润下降，我们必须减少Armchair Video　10家音像品出租商店的营业开支。提高价格显然不是一种可行的选择，因为我们所赖以闻名遐迩的正是我们的特廉价格。相反，我们应该缩短我们的营业时间。上个月，我们在 Marston闹市区的那家商店缩短了它的营业时间，在晚上6点而不是在晚上9点打烊，并压缩了所售音像制品的总目录，对2年前发行的电影不再进货。既然我们几乎没有收到顾客对这两项新措施提出的抱怨，我们应该现在就在Armchair Video的所有其他商店采用这些措施，作为我们提高利润的最佳策略。"Argument 214
In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents. It seems clear, therefore, that Parson City residents care more about public school education than do Blue City residents. 在Treehaven地区的每个市内，投入到由政府管理的公立学校教育上的经费，多数来自每个市的市政府所征收的税款。但是，该地区的每个城市，它们对公共教育的价值各有不同的认同。例如，Parson市每年为其公立学校预算的经费是Blue市的两倍，尽管这两个城市的居民数量大致相同。因此，似乎显而易见，Parson市的居民要比Blue市的居民更加关注公立学校的教育。Argument 215
The following appeared in a letter to the Grandview City Council from a local business leader. "During last year's severe drought, when the water supply in the Grandview city reservoir fell to an extremely low level, the city council imposed much more rigid water-rationing rules. But just after these rules were imposed, industrial growth in the area declined. This clearly shows that the new rationing rules have hurt industry in Grandview. Therefore, to promote the health of the local economy, the city council should now stop water rationing.”
下述文字摘自某份商业杂志。 “在去年严重干旱期间，当Grandview市水库的供水下降至一个极低的水平时，市政厅实施了远严历得多的水配给规定。但就在这些规定实施之后，本地区的工业增长即告下降。这明显表示新的配给规定已危及到Grandview的工业。因此，为了增强地方经济的活力，市政厅现在应该停止水的配给制度。”
Argument 216
The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement. "Because of its spectacular natural beauty and consistent climate, Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire. As a bonus, housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and real estate taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Nevertheless, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools, streets, and public services. Retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average.”
下述文字摘自有关规划退休的一篇杂志文章。 “鉴于其壮观的自然美景以及稳定的气候状况，Clearview市应该成为任何一个寻找隐退场所的人的首选。作为一种额外的有利条件，Clearview市的住房费用在过去一年中大幅下降，且房地产税要比邻近城镇保持着更低的水平。虽然如此，Clearview市的市长承诺，将实施许多新计划来改善学校、街道和公共服务水平。在Clearview市，退休人员还可望随着年龄的日渐增加而获得优良的医疗保健，因为该地区的大夫数量远高于全国的平均数量。”
Argument 217
The following appeared in a brochure promoting the purchase of local franchises for a national chain of gyms. “Now is the time to invest in a Power-Lift Gym franchise so that you can profit from opening one of our gyms in your town. Consider the current trends: Power-Lift Gyms are already popular among customers in 500
locations, and national surveys indicate increasing concern with weight loss and physical fitness. Furthermore, last year's sales of books and magazines on personal health totaled more than $50
million, and purchases of home exercise equipment almost doubled. Investing now in a Power-Lift Gym franchise will guarantee a quick profit.”
下述文字摘自一本小册子，该小册子旨在促使人们购买某全国性健身连锁店的地方特许经销权。 “现在是投资购买Power-Lift健身特许经销权的时候了，这样，你就能从我们在贵市开办健身馆这一项目中获益。请考虑一下目前的潮流吧！Power-Lift健身馆早就在500多处地方广受客户的欢迎。全国性的调查显示，人们对减肥和健美日益关注。此外，去年，个人健康方面的图书和杂志销售总共达到5000万美元之巨，且家庭健身器材的购买也几乎翻了一倍。现在投资购买Power-Lift健身馆的特许经销权将会保证快速盈利。”
Argument 218
The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Hyper-Go Toy Company. “Last year, sales of our Fierce Fighter toy airplane declined sharply, even though the toy had been a top seller for three years. Our customer surveys show that parents are now more worried about youthful violence and are concerned about better education for their children. Therefore, to maintain profits we should discontinue all our action toys and focus exclusively on a new line of educational toys.Several other toy companies have already begun marketing educational toys and report sales increases last year of 200
percent. And since the average family income is growing, sales of new Hyper-Go toys should also increase.”
下述文字摘自Hyper-Go玩具公司总裁的备忘录“去年，本公司‘威猛’玩具飞机的销售急剧下降，尽管该玩具在过去三年中一直是最畅销的产品。我们的客户调查显示，父母们现在更担心的是青少年的暴力行为，对他们子女获得更好的教育深切关注。因此，为了维持利润，我们应该停止我们所有的运动型玩具，将注意力全部集中在全新类型的教学玩具上。其他几个玩具公司早就开始销售教学玩具，并反映说去年的销售上升了200％。既然普通家庭收入呈上升趋势，Hyper-Go新玩具的销售应该也会上升。”
Argument 219
The following appeared in a memorandum from a vice president of the Megamart department store chain. "For the third year in a row, the average household income in our country has risen significantly. That prosperity means that families are likely to be spending more time and money on leisure activities. Megamart stores should therefore concentrate on enlarging and promoting its line of products typically used in leisure activities: athletic and outdoor equipment, televisions, gourmet cooking equipment, and luggage and travel accessories.”
下述文字摘自Megamart百货连锁店副总裁备忘录。"我国普通家庭的收入连续三年大幅上升。这一繁荣意味着所有家庭将会把更多的时间和金钱花在休闲活动上。因此，Megamart商店应该重点致力于扩大并力推广泛用于休闲活动的那类产品，即体育运动及室外活动器材，电视，美食炊具，行李及旅行配件。"Argument 220
The following appeared in an article in a magazine for writers. "A recent study showed that in describing a typical day's conversation, people make an average of 23
references to watching television and only 1
reference to reading fiction. This result suggests that, compared with the television industry, the publishing and bookselling industries are likely to decline in profitability. Therefore, people who wish to have careers as writers should acquire training and experience in writing for television rather than for print media.”
下述文字摘自某作家类杂志的一篇文章。"最近的一项研究发现，在描述日常某一天的交谈时，人们平均会提到看电视23次，而提到看小说仅一次。这一结果表明，与电视行业相比，出版和图书销售业可能会利润下降。因此，那些从事作家生涯的人应该获取为电视写作的训练与经验，而非为平面媒体写作的训练与经验."Argument 221
The following appeared in the editorial section of a student newspaper. "In a recent survey, most students who were studying beginning Russian gave higher course-evaluation ratings to classes taught by non-native Russian speakers than to classes taught by native Russian speakers. The reason that the non-native speakers were better teachers of Russian is easy to see: the non-native speakers learned Russian later in life themselves, and so they have a better understanding of how the language can be taught effectively. Therefore, in order to improve instruction for all languages and also save money, our university should hire non-native speakers as language instructors instead of trying to find and recruit native speakers.”
下述文字摘自某学生报纸的社论.“在近期的一项调查中，大多数学习初级俄语的学生给非以俄语为本族语的教师所教的课程作出的评分高于以俄语作为本族语的教师所教的课程的评分。非以俄语为本族语的教师之所以能成为更好的俄语老师，其原因显而易见：这些非以俄语为母语的教师，他们自己都是在后来的生活中学习俄语的，因此他们更清楚如何才能有效地教语言。因此，为了提高所有语言的教学质量，并且节省费用，我们这所大学应该雇用非母语人士来作为语言教师，而不应该试图去寻找并雇用说母语的人来充当老师。”
Argument 222
The following article appeared in a recent issue of a college newspaper. "Among all students who graduated from Hooper University over the past five years, more physical science majors than social science majors found permanent jobs within a year of graduation. In a survey of recent Hooper University graduates, most physical science majors said they believed that the prestige of Hooper University's physical science programs helped them significantly in finding a job. In contrast, social science majors who found permanent employment attributed their success to their own personal initiative. Therefore, to ensure that social science majors find permanent jobs, Hooper University should offer additional social science courses and hire several new faculty members who already have national reputations in the social sciences.”
下述文字摘自某大学报纸最近的一期。"在过去5年中从Hooper大学毕业的所有学生中，能在毕业之后的一年中就找到终身职业的自然科学的学生远多于社会科学的学生。在对Hooper大学毕业生所作的一项近期调查中，大多数自然科学专业的学生说，他们相信Hooper大学自然科学课程的声望在他们找工作中起到了巨大的作用。相反，那些找到终身职业的社会科学专业的学生，则把他们的成功归诸于他们自己的努力和进取。因此，为了确保社会科学专业的学生也能寻找到终身职业，Hooper大学应该开设更多的社会科学课程，并雇用若干数量早就在社会科学领域中拥有全国性学术声誉的新教员。”
Argument 223
The following appeared as an editorial in one of Coleville's city newspapers. "Even though a high percentage of Coleville City's businesses failed last year, we who live in Coleville City should keep in mind the fact that the Coleville region has attracted a great many new businesses over the last three years. It is well known that new businesses are, on average, much more likely to fail than are long-established ones, so the business failures should not be considered a sign of poor economic health. Indeed, many analysts regard the presence of a significant number of new companies among a region's businesses as a sign of economic health. Thus Coleville City appears to be in good, not poor, economic shape.”
下述文字摘自某份Coleville市报纸的社论。“尽管Collview市很大一部分比例的商业去年均告失败，但我们这些居住在Coleville市的居民心中应该牢记这样一个事实，即在过去的3年中，Coleville地区吸引了许多新的生意。众所周知，普遍而言，新的生意远比老字号的生意更易于失败，因此，生意的失败不应该被视作经济疲软的征兆。实际上，许多分析家将一个地区的商业中大量新公司的存在视作经济强劲的一种征兆。因此，Coleville市似乎处在一种健康的而非疲软的经济状况之中.”
Argument 224
The following appeared in a corporate planning memo at ABC Cereal Company, the makers of Better Bran cereal. "Sales of Better Bran have declined in recent years, for reasons that management has now identified. First, Better Bran is a cereal with high sugar content, and recent research studies have found that most consumers say they are concerned about the amount of sugar added to their breakfast cereal. Second, the price of Better Bran has increased by 5
percent in each of the last three years. Therefore, to increase our company's profits we need to reduce the amount of sugar in Better Bran and lower Better Bran's price.”
下述文字摘自ABC谷物公司的公司规划备忘录，ABC公司所生产的是Better Bran这一品牌的谷物早餐。 “Better Bran谷物早餐的销售在近几年呈下降趋势，个中的原因尚未被管理层所认识。首先，Better Bran这一品牌的谷物早餐含糖量很高，而最近的研究调查发现，大多数消费者说他们十分关注谷物早餐中所添加的糖份。其次，在过去的三年中，每一年Better Bran的售价增加了5％。因此，为了增加我们公司的利润，我们应该减少Better Bran 谷物早餐中的糖含量，并降低其售价。”
Argument 225
The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. "During her three years in office, Governor Riedeburg has shown herself to be a worthy leader. Since she took office, crime has decreased, the number of jobs created per year has doubled, and the number of people choosing to live in our state has increased. These trends are likely to continue if she is reelected. In addition, Ms. Riedeburg has promised to take steps to keep big companies here, thereby providing jobs for any new residents. Anyone who looks at Ms. Riedeburg's record can tell that she is the best-qualified candidate for governor.”
下述文字摘自一封致某地方报纸编辑的信函. “在Riedeburg州长三年的任期内，她已证明自己是个当之无愧的领袖。自从她任职以来，犯罪率已下降，每年新创立的就业岗位增加了一倍，并且选择在我州居住的人数也不断上升。如果她得以连任，这些势头将会继续下去。此外，Riedeburg女士承诺将采取步骤来挽留大公司继续驻扎在本地，从而可为任何新居民提供就业机会。任何看过Riedeburg女士从政记录的人都深知，她是最具资格的州长候选人。”
Argument 226
The following appeared as part of a memo from the manager of an automobile manufacturing company. "Because the demand for our automobiles is expected to increase dramatically, we need to open a new manufacturing plant as soon as possible in order to continue to thrive. Our marketing projections indicate that 80
million people will want to buy our automobiles, yet our existing plant can only produce 40
million automobiles. The new plant can be opened on a part-time basis, with workers from our existing site rotating responsibilities, until an operational staff can be trained. A major airplane manufacturer was extremely successful using this part-time rotating strategy when it opened its new plant five years ago.”
下述文字摘自某汽车制造公司经理的备忘录。 “由于对我们公司的汽车的需求量可望出现戏剧性的增长，我们有必要尽快开设一家新的制造厂以便继续保持旺盛的势头。我们的营销预测显示，有8千万民众希望购买我们的汽车，但我们现在的工厂只能生产4千万辆汽车。新工厂不必全日开工，我们现有工作岗位上的工人可轮换职责，直到能训练出一批能熟练操作的工人。一家大型飞机制造商在5年前开设其新工厂时，通过使用这种非全日制轮换策略而获得了巨大的成功。”
Argument 227
The following appeared as an editorial in a local newspaper. "In order to attract visitors to Central Plaza downtown and to return the plaza to its former glory, the city should prohibit skateboarding there and instead allow skateboarders to use an area in Monroe Park. At Central Plaza, skateboard users are about the only people one sees now, and litter and defaced property have made the plaza unattractive. In a recent survey of downtown merchants, the majority supported a prohibition on skateboarding in the plaza. Clearly, banning skateboarding in Central Plaza will make the area a place where people can congregate for fun or for relaxation.”
下述文字摘自某地方报纸的社论。 "为了吸引游人前来闹市区的中央购物中心，使该购物中心重现昔日的辉煌，我市应该禁止人们在那里玩滑板。相反，应该允许玩滑板者使用Monroe公园的一片场地。在中央购物中心，滑板使用者大概是我们现在所能见到的唯一的人群，并且废弃的脏物以及受损毁的设施使得该购物中心无法吸引人。在最近对闹市区购物中心的商家所作的一项调查中，大多数人都支持在购物中心禁止玩滑板。显而易见，禁止人们在中央购物中心玩滑板将使该地区成为一处人们聚集在一起进行娱乐和休闲的场所。”
Argument 228
The following appeared in a newsletter from a political organization. "In order to promote economic growth in the city, city residents should vote 'yes' on the state government's proposal to build a new expressway linking the outlying suburbs directly to the city center. A direct link to the city center will enable downtown businesses to receive deliveries more frequently, so that downtown retailers will no longer run out of stock and city manufacturers will not be affected by shortages of materials. Booming businesses will attract qualified workers from all over the state, workers who will be able to take advantage of the new expressway to commute to work in our city. In addition to these advantages, hundreds of workers will be employed to build the expressway, further stimulating the local economy!”
下述文字摘自某政治组织的时事通讯。"为了促进本市的经济增长，本市居民应该投下赞成票来支持州政府的一项提议，去建造一条全新的高速公路，将外围的郊区和市中心直接连接起来。与市中心的直接连接将能使闹市区的商家更频繁地接收到投递的货物，这样闹市区的零售商们将不会缺货，本市制造商们也不再会受物资短缺的影响。商业的繁荣将会吸引合格的工人从全州的所有地方慕名而来，这些工人将会利用全新的高速公路乘车来我市工作。除上述这些有利条件以外，数以万计的工人将被雇用来建造这条高速公路，从而进一步刺激当地经济。”
Argument 229
The following appeared as part of a memo from the manager of a hazardous-waste disposal company. "Our new plan will help us better protect our staff against exposure to toxic chemicals: we are fitting each new safety suit with an alarm that will sound in the main control booth when the suit is punctured. The control booth will notify the managers on duty, who will then take the necessary steps to ensure employees' safety. In addition to the obvious safety-related benefits, the fast reaction time will ensure minimal work stoppage and thus result in increased worker productivity and company profitability.”
下述文字摘自某有害废弃物处理公司经理的备忘录. “我们的新计划将帮助我们更好地保护我们的员工避免受有毒化学品的影响：我们正在为每套新安全服安装警报器，当安全服裂开时，该警报器便会在主控室发出报警声音。控制室会通知值班经理，该值班经理然后会采取必要的步骤来确保员工的安全。除了这些与安全相关的益处外，迅速的应急时间也将确保最低限度的停工，从而会导致工人生产率的提高及公司利润的增加。"Argument 230
The following appeared in a recommendation from the planning department of the city of Transopolis. "Ten years ago, as part of a comprehensive urban renewal program, the city of Transopolis adapted for industrial use a large area of severely substandard housing near the freeway. Subsequently, several factories were constructed there, crime rates in the area declined, and property tax revenues for the entire city increased. To further revitalize the city, we should now take similar action in a declining residential area on the opposite side of the city. Since some houses and apartments in existing nearby neighborhoods are currently unoccupied, alternate housing for those displaced by this action will be readily available.”
下述文字摘自Transopolis市规划部门的建议。 “10年前，作为一个城市综合改造计划的一部分，Transopolis市对高速公路附近的一大片严重不达标的住房进行了改造，用于工业目的。随后不久，若干数量的工厂在那里建设起来，该区的犯罪率也开始下降，整个城市的财产税收益也得到增加。为了进一步为我市重新注入活力，我们现在应该在我市另一侧那个越来越不景气的居民区采取类似的行动。既然附近现有的街区有些房子和公寓目前无人居住，本行动所造成的无家可归者正好可以利用这些住房。”
Argument 231
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper. “The members of the town school board should not be reelected because they are not concerned about promoting high-quality education in the arts in our local schools. For example, student participation in the high school drama club has been declining steadily, and this year the school board refused to renew the contract of the drama director, even though he had received many awards for his original plays. Meanwhile, over $300,000
of the high school budget goes to athletic programs, and the head football coach is now the highest-paid member of the teaching staff.”
下述文字摘自一封致某家市报的信函："本镇学校董事会的成员不应该得到重新当选，因为他们并不关心在我们当地各学校里倡导高质量的文科教育。例如，学生参加高中戏剧俱乐部的人数持续下降，本年度学校董事会拒绝与戏剧督导续签合约，尽管他为其原创的剧作获得过诸多奖项。与此同时，高中预算中有30万美元以上的经费被用于体育项目，足球主教练现在已成为教职员工中薪酬最丰厚的成员。”
Argument 232
The following appeared in a memo from the sales manager of Eco-Power, a company that manufactures tools and home appliances. "Many popular radio and television commercials use memorable tunes and song lyrics to call attention to the products being advertised. Indeed, a recent study of high school students showed that 85
percent could easily recognize the tunes used to advertise leading soft drinks and fast-food restaurants. Despite our company's extensive advertising in magazines during the past year, sales of our home appliances declined. Therefore, to boost company profits, we should now switch to advertisements featuring a distinctive song.”
下述文字摘自生产工具和家用电器的Eco-Power公司销售经理的备忘录。＂许多广为流行的电台和电视广告都使用给人记忆深刻的曲调和歌词来使人注意所被广告的产品。事实上，最近一项对高中生所作的调查显示，有85％的高中生能够轻易地识别出用来广告主要软饮料和快餐饭馆的曲调。虽然我们公司去年一年在杂志上大做广告，但我们家用电器的销量却下降了。因此，为了提高公司的利润，我们现在应该改做那些带有与众不同歌曲的广告。＂Argument 233
The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a company that builds shopping malls throughout the country． "The surface of a section of Route 101, paved two years ago by McAdam Road Builders, is now badly cracked and marred by dangerous potholes. In another part of the state, a section of Route 66, paved by Appian Roadways more than four years ago, is still in good condition. Appian Roadways has recently purchased state-of-the-art paving machinery, and it has hired a new quality-control manager. Because of its superior work and commitment to quality, we should contract with Appian Roadways rather than McAdam Road Builders to construct the access roads for all our new shopping malls.＂ 下述文字摘自一家在全国各地建造购物商业区的公司的副总裁的备忘录 ．"由McAdam道路建造公司2年前铺设的101大街，有一段路的表面现在已经出现严重裂痕，并遭到危险凹坑的毁损。在本州的另一个地区，由Appian道路建筑公司在4年多以前铺设的66号道路，其中的一段现在依然完好无损。Appian道路建筑公司最近购置了最先进的铺路机械，并雇用了一个新的质量控制经理。由于其优异的工作以及对质量的专注，我们应该与Appian公司而非McAdam公司签定合约，来建造我们所有要新建的购物商业区的入口通道。"Argument 234
The following appeared in a newspaper feature story。 There is now evidence that the relaxed manner of living in small towns promotes better health and greater ““longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Mason City. Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Mason City the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. And the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Mason City residents. These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.”
下述文字摘自某报纸专题故事."现在有证据表明，与大城市急促的生活节奏相比，小城镇悠闲自在的生活方式可促使人们更为健康，更为长寿。Leeville这座小城镇的商家们反映，比起附近的Mason市这座大城市，单个工人病休的天数远少得多。此外，Leeville市1000名居民中仅有一位大夫，但在Mason市，大夫与居民的比例要高出5倍。Leeville居民的平均年龄远高于Mason市居民的年龄。这些研究发现均表明，凡是追求更为健康生活和更长寿命的人们应该考虑搬迁到小规模的社区去生活。"Argument 235
The following appeared in a memorandum from the general manager of KNOW radio station. "Several factors indicate that radio station KNOW should shift its programming from rock-and-roll music to a continuous news format. Consider, for example, the number of older people in our listening area has increased dramatically, while the total number of our listeners has recently declined. Also, music stores in our area report decreased sales of recorded music. Finally, continuous news stations in neighboring cities have been very successful, and a survey taken just before the recent election shows that local citizens are interested in becoming better informed about politics.”
下述文字摘自KNOW电台总经理的备忘录.“若干个因素表明，KNOW电台应该将其节目编排从摇滚音乐转为滚动新闻模式。例如，我们应该考虑到我们这个收听地区老人的数量已急剧上升，而与此同时我们的听众总量最近有所下降。此外，我区的音乐商店反映，录制音乐的销量也有所下降。最后，邻近几个城市的滚动新闻电台大获成功，最近选举之前刚做的一项调查显示，当地公民对获得更多的政治资讯甚感兴趣。。”
Argument 236
The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a local Solano newspaper. "The Solano school district should do away with its music education programs. After all, music programs are not especially popular in our schools: only 20
percent of our high school students participated in music programs last year. Furthermore, very few of the Solano district's college-bound students are interested in majoring in music at the university level. Also, when the school district of our neighboring town of Rutherford eliminated its music programs two years ago, the overall grade point average in the high school increased by 10
percent the next year. Surely the money spent on Solano music programs could be better used to improve the quality of traditional academic courses.”
下述文字摘自一封致Solano某当地报纸编辑的信函.“Solano教育区应该取消其音乐教育课程。毕竟而言，音乐课程在我区的学校里并不特别受人欢迎。去年，参加音乐课程的高中学生仅为20％。此外，Solano区要上大学的学生中，几乎没有什么人有兴趣在大学教育这一等级上以音乐为其专业。同样地，当我们附近的Rutherford镇的教育区2年前取消了音乐课程后，高中的总绩点次年就增加了10％。毫无疑问，用于Solano音乐课程上的经费可以有更好的使用途径，那就是用来提高传统学术性课程的质量。”
Argument 237
The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper. "According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15
percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18
months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300
people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here.”
下述文字摘自Beauville某当地报纸的一篇文章.“据政府的一份报告称，去年Dillton市将其公司税率减少了15％。与此同时，它开始向任何愿意搬迁到Dillton市的公司提供搬迁补助金和优惠的市政公共设施使用费。在18个月中，有两家制造公司迁至Dillton市，它们雇用了总数为300名的工人。因此，对于Beauvillle市来说，刺激经济发展并因此减少失业的最迅速的方法是提供税收激励机制及其他财政吸引措施，鼓励私营公司搬迁到本地区来。”
Argument 238
The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Mira Vista College to the college's board of trustees. "At nearby Green Mountain College, which has more business courses and more job counselors than does Mira Vista College, 90
percent of last year's graduating seniors had job offers from prospective employers. But at Mira Vista College last year, only 70
percent of the seniors who informed the placement office that they would be seeking employment had found full-time jobs within three months after graduation, and only half of these graduates were employed in their major field of study. To help Mira Vista's graduates find employment, we must offer more courses in business and computer technology and hire additional job counselors to help students with their resumès and interviewing skills.”
下述文字摘自Mira Vista学院院长致该学院董事会成员的备忘录。“在附近的绿山学院（该学院比Mira Vista学院开设了更多的商务课，并拥有更多的就业辅导员），去年毕业班学生中的90％从潜在雇主那里获得了就业录用。但去年在Mira Vista学院，在所有告知安置办公室说他们将会去寻找工作的四年级学生中，仅有70％的学生在毕业后的3个月中找到了全职工作，且这些毕业生中仅有一半的人所从事的工作与其专业对口。为了帮助Mira Vista学院的毕业生找到工作，我们必须提供更多的商务课程和计算机技术课程，并雇用更多的就业辅导员来帮助学生更好地准备其求职简历，培训其面试技巧。”
Argument 239
The following appeared as an editorial in the local newspaper of Dalton. "When the neighboring town of Williamsville adopted a curfew four months ago that made it illegal for persons under the age of 18
to loiter or idle in public places after 10
p.m., youth crime in Williamsville dropped by 27
percent during curfew hours. In Williamsville's town square, the area where its citizens were once most outraged at the high crime rate, not a single crime has been reported since the curfew was introduced. Therefore, to help reduce its own rising crime rate, the town of Dalton should adopt the same kind of curfew. A curfew that keeps young people at home late at night will surely control juvenile delinquency and protect minors from becoming victims of crime.”
下述文字摘自Dalton市某当地报纸的一篇社论。“当附近的Williamsville镇4个月前开始实施宵禁制度，使18周岁以下的人在晚上10点之后在公共场所闲逛或滞留成为非法后，Williamsville镇青少年犯罪比例在宵禁时段下降了27％。在Williamsville的镇广场这个市民们曾一度对居高不下的犯罪率痛恨无比的地区，自宵禁实施以来还不曾报告过一例犯罪行为。因此，为了帮助减少其自身不断上升的犯罪率，Dalton镇应该采取相同的宵禁措施。可使年轻人深夜一直呆在家里的宵禁措施将毫无疑问遏制青少年犯罪，并保护未成年人不致于沦为犯罪的受害者。”
Argument 240
The following appeared in a memo written by a dean at Buckingham College. "To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a new dormitory. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, should double over the next fifty years, thus making existing dormitories inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has increased in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, an attractive new dormitory would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham.”
下述文字摘自Buckingham学校教务长撰写的备忘录。“为了满足我们学生的住房需求，Buckingham学院应该建造一幢新宿舍。Buckingham学院的入学人数正在不断增加，照目前的趋势来看，在未来的50年中应该会上升一倍。这会使我们目前现有的宿舍供不应求。此外，本市近几年中公寓的平均租金已增加。因此，学生会越来越难以支付校园外的住房费用。最后，一幢引人入胜的新宿舍将使潜在的学生更有可能报名就读于Buckingham学院。”
Argument 241
The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company. "When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating resumès and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delany's services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less-expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year. Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff and larger number of branch offices. After all, last year Delany's clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh's clients took nine.”
下述文字摘自XYZ公司的备忘录。“当XYZ公司解雇员工时，它会向Delany人事公司支付费用，向这些被解雇的员工提供撰写求职简历和培养面试技巧方面的帮助。下岗职工从Delany公司的服务中获益匪浅：去年，使用过Delany公司服务的下岗职工比那些没有使用Delany公司服务的员工更快地找到了工作。最近，有人提议我们使用较为廉价的Walsh人事公司的服务来替代Delany公司。这无疑是个错误，因为8年之前，当XYZ公司正在使用Walsh公司的人事服务时，我们那时所辞退的工人中仅有一半的人在一年内找到了工作。此外，Delany公司无疑更为出色，从它更大的工作人员规模和为数更多的分部可见一斑。毕竟而言，去年，Delany公司的客户平均只用了6个月的时间找到工作，而Walsh公司的客户则平均用了9个月的时间。”
Argument 242
The following appeared as an editorial in the student newspaper of Groveton College. "Tocombat the recently reported dramatic rise in cheating among college and university students, these institutions should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced an old-fashioned system in which students were closely monitored by teachers and an average of thirty cases of cheating per year were reported. The honor code has proven far more successful: in the first year it was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey conducted by the Groveton honor council, a majority of students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without.”
下述文字摘自Groveton学院学生报纸上的一篇社论。“为了打击最近被报道的大学生愈演愈烈的作弊行为，各高校应该采用类似于Groveton学院的行为准则，该行为准则要求学生承诺在其学业表现上不弄虚作假，并且，如果他们怀疑其他学生有弄虚作假的行为，应随即告知老师。Groveton的行为准则取代了一种陈旧过时的制度，在那种制度下，学生受到老师的严密监视，每年报告的弄虚作假行为平均达到30个案例。行为准则被证明远为成功：在实施的第一年，学生报告了21起欺骗案例；5年之后，这一数字已下降到14。另外，在一项由Groveton学院行为规范委员会所作的近期调查中，大多数学生说，相对于没有行为准则而言，有了行为准则之后他们就不太会去进行弄虚作假了.”